Os grandes contrastes na mortalidade por câncer do colo uterino e de mama no Brasil

OBJECTIVE To analyze cervical and breast cancer mortality in Brazil according to socioeconomic and welfare indicators. METHODS Data on breast and cervical cancer mortality covering a 30-year period (1980-2010) were analyzed. The data were obtained from the National Mortality Database, population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics database, and socioeconomic and welfare information from the Institute of Applied Economic Research. Moving averages were calculated, disaggregated by capital city and municipality. The annual percent change in mortality rates was estimated by segmented linear regression using the joinpoint method. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were conducted between average mortality rate at the end of the three-year period and selected indicators in the state capital and each Brazilian state. RESULTS There was a decline in cervical cancer mortality rates throughout the period studied, except in municipalities outside of the capitals in the North and Northeast. There was a decrease in breast cancer mortality in the capitals from the end of the 1990s onwards. Favorable socioeconomic indicators were inversely correlated with cervical cancer mortality. A strong direct correlation was found with favorable indicators and an inverse correlation with fertility rate and breast cancer mortality in inner cities. CONCLUSIONS There is an ongoing dynamic process of increased risk of cervical and breast cancer and attenuation of mortality because of increased, albeit unequal, access to and provision of screening, diagnosis and treatment. OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução da mortalidade por câncer do colo uterino e de mama no Brasil, segundo indicadores socioeconômicos e assistenciais. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados agregados de 30 anos (1980-2010) de mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo uterino. Os dados de óbitos foram extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, os denominadores populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, e os indicadores socioeconômicos e assistenciais do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica e Aplicada. Foram calculadas as médias móveis desagregadas por capitais e municípios do interior dos estados. O percentual de mudança anual das taxas foi estimado a partir da regressão linear segmentada por joinpoint. Foi feita correlação de Pearson entre as taxas médias trienais do final do período e os indicadores selecionados das capitais e de cada estado brasileiro. RESULTADOS Houve queda da mortalidade por câncer do colo uterino em todo o período, exceto em municípios das regiões Norte e Nordeste fora das capitais. Houve declínio na mortalidade por câncer de mama nas capitais a partir do final da década de 1990. Os indicadores socioeconômicos positivos correlacionaram-se inversamente com a mortalidade de câncer do colo uterino. Observou-se forte correlação direta entre indicadores positivos e inversa com a taxa de fecundidade e a mortalidade por câncer de mama nos municípios do interior dos estados. CONCLUSÕES Encontra-se em curso um mecanismo dinâmico entre aumento de risco por câncer de mama e do colo uterino com atenuação da mortalidade em função da expansão de oferta e acesso ao rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento, porém de forma desigual

Diverse phytoplasmas associated with maize bushy stunt disease in Peru

Corn plants showing symptoms of midribs chlorosis, and leaf reddening, short internodes, ear pro- liferation, and plant growth reduction were collected in Peru from fields in nine localities in the provinces of Huancayo, Chupaca, and Jauja in the Junín region, and tested to verify phytoplasma presence and identity. Primers amplifying the phytoplasma ribosomal 16S and ribosomal protein genes were used. The phytoplas- ma presence was detected in symptomatic samples from all the surveyed areas. The sequencing of the obtained amplicons indicated the presence of ‘Candidatus Phy- toplasma asteris’ and ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains. A BLASTn search of sequenced genes showed that the two ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ strains identified in corn shares 100% and 99.82% identity with the ‘Ca. P. asteris’ strains from maize and 99.92% and 99.55% with ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains, respectively. The RFLP analyses allowed to enclose these phytoplasma strains in the 16SrI-B and 16SrIII-J subgroups; howev- er, the two phytoplasmas were, in some cases, present in mixed infection. The 16SrIII-J phytoplasma is for the first time reported associated with the maize bushy stunt disease and this represent a relevant information for the disease epidemiology towards its appropriate manage- ment in the affected area

La autoestima como indicador de la autopercepción del estudiante rural

Consideraciones: - En nuestros ambientes, podemos encontrar estudiantes que debido a su baja autoestima no son capaces de proyectarse y visualizarse como grandes profesionales del futuro. - Este aislamiento geográfico viene acompañado de la carencia de un capital cultural y social que le permita al joven acceder de manera adecuada a los espacios de formación y trabajo que la ciudad puede ofrecer. - Desde las aulas, formamos a nuestros estudiantes para insertarse en una sociedad dinámica, una sociedad que le exige al profesional enfrentarse a circunstancias cada vez más complejas, cada vez más desafiantes

Native plants from Argentina reported as effective against Leishmania spp.

Leishmaniasis represents a spectrum of diseases caused by infection with protozoan pathogens of the genus Leishmania. It is a major neglected tropical disease associated with high rates of disability and death, with extended endemic areas in the Americas. Despite current therapeutic approaches, current treatments for leishmaniasis are unsatisfactory due to high associated toxicity, cost, complex administration and the emergence of resistant strains. Because of this, efforts have greatly increased over the last decade to identify novel compounds with anti-leishmanial properties. Thus, one strategy in the search for new compounds is the screening of molecules purified from plant sources. The current work reviewed the available information about the Argentinean natural sources reported as effective against Leishmania spp; including: its relevant chemical compounds, efficiency and applied methodology. Reported studies need to be considered as precursors works to extend the search between the profuse native plants from Argentina.Fil: Lozano, Esteban Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Hapon, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. ; ArgentinaFil: Cargnelutti, D. E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. ; ArgentinaFil: Gamarra Luques, Carlos Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

Pensamiento creativo y relaciones interpersonales en estudiantes universitarios

The study focuses on establishing the relationship of creative thinking with the interpersonal relationships of students of the Faculty of Education and Communication Sciences. The methodology presents a quantitative approach of correlational and transversal type; the technique was the multiple response questionnaire in Likert scale; the data treatment and analysis of the results was a bivariate analysis by Pearson correlation. The results of the study determined the significant correlation, according to the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, whose value R=0.731 with a p-value less than the degree of significance of 5%, This indicates that the degree of innovation and adaptation that students develop will directly affect their ability to interact with their peers. It is concluded that the degree of creative thinking is high in most students, which contributes to the improvement of human and interpersonal relationships in the various personal and academic activities.El estudio se enfoca en establecer la relación del pensamiento creativo con las relaciones interpersonales de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación y Ciencias de la Comunicación. La metodología presenta un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo correlacional y transversal; la técnica fue el cuestionario de respuesta múltiple en escala Likert; el tratamiento de los datos y análisis de los resultados fue un análisis bivariado mediante Correlación de Pearson. Los resultados del estudio determinaron la correlación significativa, según los resultados del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, cuyo valor R=0,731 con un p-valor menor al grado de significancia del 5%, lo cual indica que el grado de innovación y adaptación que desarrollen los estudiantes, directamente incidirá en la capacidad de relacionarse con sus compañeros. Se concluye que el grado de pensamiento creativo es alto en la mayoría de los estudiantes, lo cual contribuye a la mejora de las relaciones humanas e interpersonales en las distintas actividades personales y académicas

Catálogo de la familia Orchidaceae en Guinea Ecuatorial

The current state of knowledge on Orchidaceae in Equatorial Guinea is provided, based on herbarium collections and bibliographic revision. Orchidaceae are represented in Equatorial Guinea (Annobon, Bioko and Rio Muni) by 225 taxa, and 12 more requiring confirmation, belonging to 43 genera and 10 tribes of the subfamilies Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. Eighty eight taxa have been added for Rio Muni to the previous checklists. The tribe Vandeae is the best represented with 118 taxa. Analysing the habit, 53 taxa are terrestrial, 6 scandent and 166 are epiphytes. The island of Bioko and the western provinces of Rio Muni show the major diversity in orchids. Thirty one species have been described from materials collected in Equatorial Guinea, six of which are considered endemics.Se presenta un catálogo actualizado de las especies y táxones infraespecíficos de la familia Orchidaceae en Guinea Ecuatorial, obtenido a partir de testimonios de herbario y revisión bibliográfica. Nuestros resultados indican la presencia de 225 táxones más 12 que requieren confirmación en el conjunto del territorio (Annobón, Bioko y Río Muni), incluidos en 43 géneros y 10 tribus pertenecientes a las subfamilias Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae y Epidendroideae. Se aportan 88 táxones más en el catálogo de Río Muni respecto a publicaciones precedentes. La tribu Vandeae es la más representada, con 118 táxones. Atendiendo al hábito, 53 táxones son terrestres, seis son trepadores y 166 son epífitos. La mayor riqueza de orquídeas se manifiesta en la isla de Bioko y en las provincias occidentales de Río Muni. De las 31 especies descritas sobre materiales ecuatoguineanos, seis son consideradas endemismos de Guinea Ecuatorial