From Mundane to Meaningful: AI's Influence on Work Dynamics -- evidence from ChatGPT and Stack Overflow

This paper illustrates how generative AI could give opportunities for big productivity gains but also opens up questions about the impact of these new powerful technologies on the way we work and share knowledge. More specifically, we explore how ChatGPT changed a fundamental aspect of coding: problem-solving. To do so, we exploit the effect of the sudden release of ChatGPT on the 30th of November 2022 on the usage of the largest online community for coders: Stack Overflow. Using quasi-experimental methods (Difference-in-Difference), we find a significant drop in the number of questions. In addition, the questions are better documented after the release of ChatGPT. Finally, we find evidence that the remaining questions are more complex. These findings suggest not only productivity gains but also a fundamental change in the way we work where routine inquiries are solved by AI allowing humans to focus on more complex tasks.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Caracterización estructural de oligómeros amilodies de alfa-sinucleína y su interacción con membranas modelo

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias Químicas) - - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 2018α-sinucleína (AS) es una proteína expresada mayormente en cerebro y su función está asociada a la dinámica de vesículas sinápticas en neuronas dopaminérgicas. Su agregación anómala amiloide está vin-culada con numerosas patologías neurodegenerativas como por ejemplo la enfermedad de Parkinson. A pesar de los grandes avances realizados, aún se desconocen cuáles son los mecanismos patogénicos aso-ciados a estas enfermedades. Los oligómeros amiloides pre-fibrilares son señalados como las especies más neurotóxicas. Al respecto, la hipótesis mayormente aceptada sugiere una ganancia de toxicidad de AS cuando se encuentra en estado oligomérico. Sin embargo, una pérdida de la función de la proteína al auto-ensamblarse en estos agregados podría también contribuir a la disfunción celular. En esta tesis se dirigieron los esfuerzos en estos dos sentidos, por un lado, aportando información estructural de las especies oligo-méricas para comprender las bases moleculares de su toxicidad y por el otro, evaluando el impacto de la oligomerización en las propiedades de unión a membranas lipídicas, claves para la función de la proteína. Utilizando técnicas espectroscópicas se logró obtener información sobre el arreglo supramolecular de una población de especies oligoméricas de AS. Este ensamble resultó estar formado por agregados estructura-dos, ricos en estructura hoja- antiparalela que poseen un patrón bien definido de interacciones intermole-culares. Se demostró que esta estructura distintiva también está presente en especies que se pueblan a lo largo del proceso de agregación amiloide, evidenciando además que este proceso involucra un marcado re-arreglo conformacional de la proteína. A su vez, se midió cuantitativamente la unión de AS en su estado monomérico y oligomérico a membranas de distinta composición y curvatura. Se evidenció que la oligomerización de la proteína influye marcada-mente en su interacción con membranas, cambiando su sensibilidad a curvatura y alterando su afinidad, llegando en algunos casos a abolir su asociación completamente. La información estructural obtenida en este trabajo, junto con el estudio de unión a biomembranas, consti-tuyen un avance clave para la comprensión de la toxicidad y pérdida de la función de AS asociada a las pa-tologías neurodegenerativas.2020-12-31Gallea, José Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Argentina.Celej, María Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina.Granero, Gladys Ester. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica; Argentina.Montich, Guillermo Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina.Lorenzo, Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacología; Argentina.Delfino, José María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini; Argentina

Power in the Pipeline

This paper provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of the role of natural gas for the domestic and international distribution of power. The crucial role of pipelines for the trade of natural gas determines a set of network effects that are absent for other natural resources such as oil and minerals. Gas rents are not limited to producers but also accrue to key players occupying central nodes in the gas network. Drawing on our new gas pipeline data, this paper shows that gas betweenness-centrality of a country increases substantially the ruler's grip on power as measured by leader turnover. A main mechanism at work is the reluctance of connected gas trade partners to impose sanctions, meaning that bad behavior of gas-central leaders is tolerated for longer before being sanctioned. Overall, this reinforces the notion that fossil fuels are not just poison for the environment but also for political pluralism and healthy regime turnover.Comment: 38 pages, 13 figures, submitted, presented at CEPR RPN workshop and the Kiel CEPR geopolitics and economics worksho

Implementation of an online information system for the “Flora Critica d’Italia”

Since the early 2000s, within the Italian Botanical Society was discussed the opportunity to realize collaboratively a modern Flora articulated in monographs on the model of others under construction or recently completed in several European countries (1). This initiative had a milestone in 2007 with the institution of the “Fondazione per la Flora Italiana”, with the aim of supporting the activities of study, conservation and cultural and scientific enhancement of the flora of Italy and of sensitizing the national community about the many functions that it implements, in the context of natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The “Foundation for the Italian flora” is responsible for the publication of the "Flora critica d’Italia". During the course of the project, it became apparent the diminishing impact of the hard copy in favour of an online information system more flexible and upgradeable and thus more suited to the current needs of the research but also in all fields of everyday life. Last 25th February the first 3 contributions, concerning the families of Isoetaceae, Heliotropiaceae and Hydrophyllaceae (2, 3, 4) have been published online (http://www.floraditalia.it/index.php? page=flora_critica). These early contributions were prepared in the traditional way with a text editor. In order to create the online information system, under the indications of the Editorial Committee, the Board of Directors decided to rely on the experience gained by the staff of Palermo in the field of biological databases (5, 6) and to support by itself the development of a specific software. It is currently under construction and implementation a relational database that serves as a base for the entire project. It include information related to nomenclature, taxonomy, description, keys, distribution, images, karyology, uses, vernacular names, etc. Data and tables are standardized according to TDWG (Taxonomic Database Working Group) standards (http://www.tdwg.org) and comply with the The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data architecture. The system is composed by two main parts: a database and a web application. The database currently contains 16 relations (although more will be built within the end of the project) and relies onto MySQL Database Management System. The web application is built using PHP scripting language and the CakePHP framework for the server-side part, running on a Linux server. The client-side part leverages onto Javascript and Jquery library. It follows the MVC1 (Model View Controller) design paradigm. It deals with the database manipulation in terms of data management and data presentation along with user management. The whole system addresses several main security issues such as passwords hashing, accesses logging and code injection protections. Data inputting is online by a web browser. The authors will input data in user friendly forms or to import tables. Outputs produced include online ones coming from queries and pdf production to be done periodically to fix what done or to prepare chapters of the volumes to be eventually printed and included in a hard copy volume

FUZZY KERNEL REGRESSION FOR REGISTRATION AND OTHER IMAGE WARPING APPLICATIONS

In this dissertation a new approach for non-rigid medical im- age registration is presented. It relies onto a probabilistic framework based on the novel concept of Fuzzy Kernel Regression. The theoric framework, after a formal introduction is applied to develop several complete registration systems, two of them are interactive and one is fully automatic. They all use the composition of local deforma- tions to achieve the final alignment. Automatic one is based onto the maximization of mutual information to produce local affine aligments which are merged into the global transformation. Mutual Information maximization procedure uses gradient descent method. Due to the huge amount of data associated to medical images, a multi-resolution topology is embodied, reducing processing time. The distance based interpolation scheme injected facilitates the similairity measure op- timization by attenuating the presence of local maxima in the func- tional. System blocks are implemented on GPGPUs allowing efficient parallel computation of large 3d datasets using SIMT execution. Due to the flexibility of Mutual Information, it can be applied to multi- modality image scans (MRI, CT, PET, etc.). Both quantitative and qualitative experiments show promising results and great potential for future extension. Finally the framework flexibility is shown by means of its succesful application to the image retargeting issue, methods and results are presented

Caracterización estructural de oligómeros amiloides de α-sinucleína y su interacción con membranas modelo

α-sinucleína (AS) es una proteína expresada mayormente en cerebro y su función está asociada a la dinámica de vesículas sinápticas en neuronas dopaminérgicas. Su agregación anómala amiloide está vinculada con numerosas patologías neurodegenerativas como por ejemplo la enfermedad de Parkinson. A pesar de los grandes avances realizados, aún se desconocen cuáles son los mecanismos patogénicos asociados a estas enfermedades. Los oligómeros amiloides pre-fibrilares son señalados como las especies más neurotóxicas. Al respecto, la hipótesis mayormente aceptada sugiere una ganancia de toxicidad de AS cuando se encuentra en estado oligomérico. Sin embargo, una pérdida de la función de la proteína al autoensamblarse en estos agregados podría también contribuir a la disfunción celular. En esta tesis se dirigieron los esfuerzos en estos dos sentidos, por un lado, aportando información estructural de las especies oligoméricas para comprender las bases moleculares de su toxicidad y por el otro, evaluando el impacto de la oligomerización en las propiedades de unión a membranas lipídicas, claves para la función de la proteína. Utilizando técnicas espectroscópicas se logró obtener información sobre el arreglo supramolecular de una población de especies oligoméricas de AS. Este ensamble resultó estar formado por agregados estructurados, ricos en estructura hoja-β antiparalela que poseen un patrón bien definido de interacciones intermoleculares. Se demostró que esta estructura distintiva también está presente en especies que se pueblan a lo largo del proceso de agregación amiloide, evidenciando además que este proceso involucra un marcado rearreglo conformacional de la proteína. A su vez, se midió cuantitativamente la unión de AS en su estado monomérico y oligomérico a membranas de distinta composición y curvatura. Se evidenció que la oligomerización de la proteína influye marcadamente en su interacción con membranas, cambiando su sensibilidad a curvatura y alterando su afinidad, llegando en algunos casos a abolir su asociación completamente. La información estructural obtenida en este trabajo, junto con el estudio de unión a biomembranas, constituyen un avance clave para la comprensión de la toxicidad y pérdida de la función de AS asociada a las patologías neurodegenerativas.α-synuclein (AS) is a protein highly expressed in the brain and its function is linked to synaptic vesicle dynamics in dopaminergic neurons. Its aberrant amyloid aggregation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Despite the progress that has been made over the years, the pathogenic mechanisms governing these diseases remain unknown. Prefibrillar amyloid oligomeric species are pointed as the more neurotoxic species. In this regard, the prevailing hypothesis indicates a gain-of-toxicity mechanism when the protein is in its oligomeric state. Nevertheless, a loss-of-function due to protein self-assembling might also be involved in cellular dysfunction. In this thesis, we directed our efforts to pave the molecular understanding of these two possibilities. On one hand, providing structural information on oligomeric species to understand the molecular basis of their toxicity and on the other, evaluating the impact of AS oligomerization on its membrane lipid binding properties, key elements for protein function. By means of spectroscopic techniques we gathered information on the supramolecular arrangement of a population of oligomeric species. This ensemble was formed by structured, antiparallel β-sheet rich aggregates with a well-defined pattern of intermolecular contacts. We demonstrated that this distinctive structural feature is also present at the level of prefibrillar intermediates in the pathway of amyloid formation, also showing that this process involves a large conformational re-arrangement of the protein. Simultaneously, we quantitatively measured the binding of AS in its monomeric and oligomeric state to membranes of different curvature and composition. We showed that protein oligomerization has a deep impact on its interaction with membranes, changing its curvature sensitivity and modifying its affinity at such an extent that binding is abolished in some cases. The structural information attained in this work, together with the membrane binding study, constitute a key advance for the understanding of toxicity and loss-of-function mechanisms of AS associated to neurodegenerative diseases.Fil: Gallea, Jose Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentin

Combining Top-down and Bottom-up Visual Saliency for Firearms Localization

Object detection is one of the most challenging issues for computer vision researchers. The analysis of the human visual attention mechanisms can help automatic inspection systems, in order to discard useless information and improving performances and efficiency. In this paper we proposed our attention based method to estimate firearms position in images of people holding firearms. Both top-down and bottom-up mechanisms are involved in our system. The bottom-up analysis is based on a state-of-the-art approach. The top-down analysis is based on the construction of a probabilistic model of the firearms position with respect to the people\u2019s face position. This model has been created by analyzing information from of a public available database of movie frames representing actors holding firearms

Toward an Integrated System for Surveillance and Behaviour Analysis of Groups and People

Security and INTelligence SYStem is an Italian research project which aims to create an integrated system for the analysis of multi-modal data sources (text, images, video, audio), to assist operators in homeland security applications. Within this project the Scientific Research Unit of the University of Palermo is responsible of the image and video analysis activity. The SRU of Palermo developed a web service based architecture that provides image and video analysis capabilities to the integrated analysis system. The developed architecture uses both state of the art techniques, adapted to cope with the particular problem at hand, and new algorithms to provide the following services: image cropping, image forgery detection, face and people detection, weapon detection and classification, and terrorist logo recognition. In the last phase of the project we plan to include in our system new services, mainly oriented to the video analysis, to study and understand the behaviour of individuals, either alone or in a group

A Java-based Wrapper for Wireless Communications

The increasing number of new applications for mobile devices in pervasive environments, do not cope with changes in the wireless communications. Developers of such applications have to deal with problems arising from the available wireless connections in the given environment. A middleware is a solution that allows to overcome some of these problems. It provides to the applications a set of functions that facilitate their development. In this paper we present a Java-based communication wrapper, called SmartTraffic, which allows programmers to seamlessly use TCP or UDP protocols over Bluetooth or any IP-based wireless network. Developers can use SmartTraffic within their Java applications, thus focusing on the application goals, and leaving out details about how it should interact with the available wireless connection