The Neurophysiological Validation of the Hyperpolarization Theory of Internal Inhibition

En los experimentos con conejos conscientes no inmovilizados se ha mostrado que la interrupción de lasreacciones tras la supresión del refuerzo, es decir, la elaboración de la inhibición interna, se ve acompañada por el incremento de fases, la alternancia de la activación y la inhibición del disparo de las neuronas, y sus correspondientes oscilaciones lentas de potencial. Estos cambios pueden ser locales, principalmente en las estructuras del estímulo condicionado o, en caso de incremento del estado de inhibición, generalizados sobre las estructuras del cerebro. Basándonos en nuestros datos y en los de la literatura actual se llega a la conclusión de que ese fenómeno está condicionado por el incremento de los procesos inhibitorios de hiperpolarización a raíz del incremento de la reactividad de los sistemas inhibitorios de la acción del estímulo, que adquiere significado inhibitorio durante el proceso de aprendizaje. La oscilación de la excitabilidad y reactividad en las poblaciones de elementos nerviosos que surge durante el incremento de la inhibición de la hiperpolarización, divergentes en distintas estructuras del cerebro, juega un papel activo en la ejecución de la función básica de la inhibición interna, la limitación de la transmisión de la excitación a los efectores. El mediador inhibidor, el ácido gama aminobutírico (GABA), juega un papel esencial en la desarrollo de la inhibición de la excitación al estímulo que ha perdido su significado biológico. Estos datos experimentales y su interpretación a la luz de los datos de la literatura dan fundamento al desarrollo de la teoría de hiperpolarización de la inhibición interna.The experiments in conscious non-immobilized rabbits showed that cessation of the reactions without reinforcement (elaboration of the internal inhibition) is accompanied by an enhanced phasic state, by alternation of activation and inhibition of neuron firing, and by the corresponding slow potential oscillation (SPO). These changes can be either localized, predominantly in the structures of conditioned stimulus, or, under enhancement of the inhibitory state, generalized in the brain structures. On the basis of our experience and published data, it is concluded that the above event results from relative enhancement of the inhibitory hyperpolarizing processes due to increase in reactivity of the inhibitory systems to stimulus, which acquires inhibitory properties during learning. Changes in the excitability and reactivity of neuron populations appearing during enhancement of the hyperpolarizing inhibition, and differing in the various brain structures, play an active role in the execution of the main function of the internal inhibition: limitation of excitation transmission to the effectors. An inhibitory mediator gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is of great importance in inhibiting the excitation in response to the stimulus which lost its biological significance. These experimental data and their interpretation in the light of published data give the basis for the development of the hyperpolarization theory of internal inhibition

An Analysis of Growth in the Euro-Asia Division (1985-1995) Leading to a Strategy for Developing Home Churches

Problem The Euro-Asia Division is experiencing many challenges due to rapid growth in membership during the decade of 1985-1995. This study shows some of the main needs of the Division and suggests a strategy for developing home churches in order to meet the present challenges. Method A church-growth analysis of the Euro-Asia Division was conducted for the years 1985-1995 to discover problems and challenges. The advantages that a home-church approach would bring in solving many of the challenges is discussed. Guiding principles for organizing house churches and training home-church leaders are suggested. Results The church-growth analysis showed that the main challenges in the Euro-Asia Division are apostasy of new members, inadequate number of pastors, inadequate number of church buildings, and multitudes of unreached people. Home churches are effective means for assimilating new members, for providing pastoral care and adequate worship environment, and for reaching unreached people. It was \ suggestion that small groups be started on the basis of common interests but gradually move to the geographical groups. It was concluded that all four components of a home-church meeting (nurture, worship, community, and mission) should be included in each meeting. The role of the pastor and the involvement of the congregation was shown as vital for the success of house churches. The type of small group system (the appendage system, the incorporated system, and the integrated system) that is developed largely depends on who starts the house-church ministry, with lay leaders, assigned leaders, and pastoral leaders all impacting in different ways. To achieve 90 percent involvement of the congregation in home churches and successful outreach through small groups, the integrated system was shown to be best. A suggested training schedule, method of training, and principles for the selection of the home-church leaders are presented. Conclusions The integrated system for home churches is suggested in order to meet the challenges in the Euro-Asia Division. Each pastor in the Division should provide dynamic leadership in the development of a house-church ministry and should be personally involved in the training of the group leaders

The state and trends of development of science and education in Modern Russian society

The article analyzes the state of education and science through the prism of socio-economic and ethical problems in modern Russian society. The subject of the research is the contents of the sections of St. Petersburg International Economic Forum devoted to education, science and personal development. Some speeches of iconic participants were analyzed. The theoretical basis of the research was the works of domestic and foreign authors of the socio-philosophical and sociological directions. The methodological basis consists of the general philosophical principles of consistency, conformity, completeness, complementarity, determinism and verification. The study used such socio-philosophical methods as a method of historical and logical unity in social cognition, specifically historical, historical-retrospective, and comparative historical. The main findings of the study: the main orientation in modern Russian society is the effectiveness of business development without a focus on public interests; the main task formulated for other social spheres and contradicting the proper: what exactly politics, society, education, science should give to business. Economy and business, being one of the spheres of society, should ensure the development of the country and welfare of the people. The key to the development of the country and welfare of the people is science and education, which, cannot be regarded as a source of income. The existing substitution of goals will lead to irreversible consequences. Measures to remedy the situation can only be taken by power; to which people delegated authority, defining the main purpose of their activities directed towards the growth of people`s welfare  and the prosperity of the country

Electronic resources and institutional repositories in informal scholarly communication and publishing

The aim of institutional repositories is to aid the management and dissemination of the increasingly copious amount of scholarly electronic resources produced by academics. To date most research has focused on the impact for formal scholarly publishing. The purpose of this exploratory study is to discover the impact of IRs on the visibility and use of digital resources with particular focus on resources outside the formal publishing framework. An online survey and interviews with repository managers were conducted. A link analysis study was undertaken to determine what types of web resources were linking to items within repositories. The findings show that a wide range of non-formal e-resources are accepted and repository managers’ attitudes are positive towards their importance. In practice the range of resources is limited and mainly text based. The development of typologies for non-formal resources is done in an ad hoc manner. Workflow processes for content acquisition in repositories vary considerably and are quite complex in particular for non-formal e-resources. The findings show a lack of cohesive discourse between repository objectives and collection policies and actual work flow processes. Repository managers consider usage data important and its most popular uses are for advocacy and securing funding. Interpretation of usage data focuses on formal resources but evidence suggests that non-formal resources play an important part in repository visibility. Blogs, academic pages and discussion forums are important web sources that link to items within repositories. The study demonstrates that institutional repositories are not particularly successful at handling resources outside the framework of formal publishing. The system caters largely towards eprints, in particular postprints. A fundamental challenge, if scholarly communication is to move towards new forms of communication and publishing enabled by digital technologies, is to find ways to effectively name, manage and integrate non-formal electronic resources into the institutional repository

Structural attributes of nucleotide sequences in promoter regions of supercoiling-sensitive genes: how to relate microarray expression data with genomic sequences

The level of supercoiling in the chromosome can affect gene expression. To clarify the basis of supercoiling sensitivity, we analyzed the structural features of nucleotide sequences in the vicinity of promoters for the genes with expression enhanced and decreased in response to loss of chromosomal supercoiling in E. coli. Fourier analysis of promoter sequences for supercoiling-sensitive genes reveals the tendency in selection of sequences with helical periodicities close to 10 nt for relaxation-induced genes and to 11 nt for relaxation-repressed genes. The helical periodicities in the subsets of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase with different sigma factors were also studied. A special procedure was developed for study of correlations between the intensities of periodicities in promoter sequences and the expression levels of corresponding genes. Significant correlations of expression with the AT content and with AT periodicities about 10, 11, and 50 nt indicate their role in regulation of supercoiling-sensitive genes.Comment: 38 pages, 12 figure

Development of Cottage Cheese Technology Using Whey Broth of Linder Flowers

The article presents research results of determining the rational amount of whey broth of linden flowers that favored the increase of the goat cottage cheese quality after adding to cheese seeds.It was established, that under the influence of the rational amount of 10-20 % of broth, introduced to cheese seeds of development batches (D 1, D 2) of the products at its setting (instead of the same amount of eliminated cheese whey), there took place the increase of the protein content by 0,3, 0,5 % and moisture by 0,6, 1,7 %, comparing with the control.The use of the rational amount of broth in development batches favored the increase of the product output of 100 kg of skimmed milk by 0,6, 0,8 %, respectively, comparing with the control.Whey broth of linden flowers also stimulated the development of the healthy microflora, which amount in development batches of the product (D1- D2) was higher in 2,5 and 2,8 times, comparing with an analogous result in the control.It maximally bring commodity parameters of development batches of cottage cheese to requirements of the product, manufactured of cow milk, and increases the number of consumers of goat milk products

Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of γ-irradiated Polyamide 6 Containing Phosphorus Oxynitride or Phospham

Polyamide 6 (PA-6) containing the fire retardants phosphorus oxynitride ((PON)m) or phospham ((PN2H)n) was exposed to 60Co-γ-rays (absorbed dose: 1.0–4.0 MGy). The irradiation led to crosslinking of the polymer which caused an increase in the char yield and a decrease in the flammability of the polymer. The combustion behavior was strongly affected by irradiation: dripping was totally prevented in the case of system PA-6/(PN2H)n and strongly retarded in the case of system PA-6/(PON)m. The thermal stability of the system PA-6/(PN2H)n decreased with increasing absorbed dose whereas the thermal stability of the system PA-6/(PON)m did not change