Oxidative C-H/C-H Coupling of Dipyrromethanes with Azines by tio2-Based Photocatalytic System. Synthesis of New Bodipy Dyes and Their Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties

Oxidative C-H/C-H coupling reactions of dipyrromethanes with azines in the presence of a heterophase oxidative photocatalytic system (O2/TiO2/visible light irradiation) were carried out. As a result of cyclization of obtained compounds with boron trifluoride etherate, new hetaryl-containing derivatives of 4,4-difluoro-4-boron-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene were synthesized. For the obtained compounds, absorption and luminescence spectra, quantum yields of luminescence as well as cyclic volt-amperograms were measured. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Funding: This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, research project numbers 20-43-660054 and 19-29-08037. The photophysical studies were carried out within the state assignment no AAAA-A19-119070790003-7

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Progress in understanding disruptions triggered by massive gas injection via 3D non-linear MHD modelling with JOREK

3D non-linear MHD simulations of a D 2 massive gas injection (MGI) triggered disruption in JET with the JOREK code provide results which are qualitatively consistent with experimental observations and shed light on the physics at play. In particular, it is observed that the gas destabilizes a large m/n = 2/1 tearing mode, with the island O-point coinciding with the gas deposition region, by enhancing the plasma resistivity via cooling. When the 2/1 island gets so large that its inner side reaches the q = 3/2 surface, a 3/2 tearing mode grows. Simulations suggest that this is due to a steepening of the current profile right inside q = 3/2. Magnetic field stochastization over a large fraction of the minor radius as well as the growth of higher n modes ensue rapidly, leading to the thermal quench (TQ). The role of the 1/1 internal kink mode is discussed. An I p spike at the TQ is obtained in the simulations but with a smaller amplitude than in the experiment. Possible reasons are discussed

Geometryczna interpretacja wyników pomiarów obiektów inżynierskich

In this paper, examples of graphic presentations of performed measurement results have been presented. These results concern vertical and horizontal dislocations and deformations of given objects. The monitored objects were two churches, both situated near a very busy street, and a hall of a newly built building. One church was about 80 years old and the other 100 years old. The visualization of the findings, mainly presented in the 3D technique, is of great importance for interpretation of the change geometry of the objects in time and finding the causes of their dislocations and deformations.W artykule przedstawiono przykłady graficznej prezentacji wyników pomiarów przemieszczeń poziomych i pionowych oraz odkształceń wybranych obiektów. Monitorowane obiekty to kościoły: 80. letni i ponad 100. letni położony przy ulicy o bardzo dużym natężeniu ruchu oraz hala nowo wybudowanego obiektu. Wizualizacja wyników, głównie w układzie 3D, ma duże znaczenie dla interpretacji zmian geometrii obiektu w czasie oraz ustalenia przyczyn przemieszczeń i deformacji

Selected Planning Aspects of the Placement of Wind Farms in the Province of Warmia and Mazury

There are many existing and planned wind farms in the Province of Warmia and Mazury, despite numerous administrative and societal obstacles to prevent this. The main aim of the study was to identify the factors involved in the planning and development of wind turbines based on the examples in Warmia and Mazury. The research consisted of analyzing collected source materials on the placement of wind farms as well as the social and legal aspects of wind power generation. According to data obtained from government offices in the Warmia and Mazury province, there are 242 wind power turbines that in total generate 460 MW. Wind farms erected in Warmia and Mazury stir up strong reactions from local residents and organizations aimed at preserving the natural and cultural heritage of this region

Measurement of fractional frequency difference and frequency stability calculation

Praca prezentuje metodę pomiaru odchylenia względnego częstotliwości (o.w.cz.) oraz wyznaczania niestabilności częstotliwości (odchylenie Allana) wzorców częstotliwości za pomocą komparatora fazy i częstotliwości w połączeniu z częstościomierzem cyfrowym. Dane pomiarowe zbierane są automatycznie i przeliczane przy pomocy arkuszy kalkulacyjnych oraz specjalistycznego oprogramowania do analizy danych w dziedzinie częstotliwości Stable 32. W pracy zawarto również analizę źródeł niepewności występujących przy pomiarach częstotliwości oraz opisano sposób wyznaczania poprawki związanej z prognozą o.w.cz. wzorca odniesienia.This paper presents a method of fractional frequency difference measurement and frequency stability (Allan deviation) calculation of frequency standards with frequency and phase comparator in connection with a frequency counter. Measurement data are collected automatically and calculated with calculation sheets or with special purpose software Stable 32 for time- and frequency-domain data analysis. This paper presents also the sources of uncertainties that occur during frequency measurement and reveals the method of reference standard accuracy prognosis calculation

Forecasting of vertical displacements based on a time series

Before research, a graphical analysis of time series is important to carry out because the configuration of empirical points in a proper Cartesian coordinate system enables one to make a decision which class the researched trend function belongs to. When verifying the model it should be checked whether received values of structural parameters estimation are reasonable. The method of extrapolation of time series can be used to forecast only in case when the mechanism of development of the researched effect does not change in time considerably or in case if the mechanism of development of the researched effect is not known and we cannot recognize it. The forecast horizon can be dependent on inertia of researched variables. For variables with a big inertia the forecast horizon can be considerably longer. Longer forecast horizon corresponds with less probability of occurrence of the provided state and simultaneously certainty of the forecast is less. Another question is a stability of the model. It does not mean that the model will be stable after the period the model was estimated, i.e. it will be stable in future. Adaptive models are useful in case of lack of stability in the researched period. Forecast procedures based on those models assume that the effect intensification in time can be segmental, i.e. "smooth", only in some intervals of time. Such models are particularly important for short-term forecasts. Taking one of the following models into account depends on: - clear interpretation of model's parameters, - possibility of a simple estimation of the model's parameters, - the level of accuracy that the model describes the effect's development in time. It should be noticed that building a "good" model describing the given effect on the base of data from the past not always can be proper in future. To enlarge forecast certainty (especially for short time series) several forecasting methods should be used and their results should be compared