Influencia del tiempo de cosecha en el secado del hongo Suillus luteus

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias. Departamento Académico de Tecnología de Alimentos y Productos AgropecuariosLa presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar, mediante una evaluación sensorial, la preferencia de los consumidores, en cuanto a las características de color, textura, sabor y aceptabilidad general, sobre hongos secos comestibles Suillus luteus cosechados a diferentes días (8, 9, 10 y 11) con un pre-tratamiento de escaldado en agua (100°C) y disolución de ácido cítrico (0.5 por ciento), para luego ser secados a una temperatura de 55°C con una velocidad de 1.5 m/s. En la primera etapa se caracterizó los hongos a diferentes días de cosecha en cuanto a humedad, dureza y color. Para humedad no se encontró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos; para color se determinaron los valores de luminosidad (L*), croma (C*) y valor b*; para textura se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos del día 8 y 9 con los días 10 y 11; para dureza se evidenció que disminuye conforme avanza la maduración del hongo. En la segunda etapa, se secaron los hongos bajo los parámetros mencionados, se realizó las gráficas de curvas de secado para cada tratamiento, se obtuvieron los valores de humedad de equilibrio y valores de humedad crítica. Posterior al secado, se determinó la actividad de agua (aw) para todos los tratamientos y se obtuvo un valor menor de 0.6, en la cual no se presenta proliferación de bacterias. En la tercera etapa se realizó la evaluación sensorial de los hongos secos para los atributos ya mencionados: para el color se obtuvo una mayor preferencia en el tratamiento del día 8; para la textura la preferencia fue para los tratamientos del día 9 y 10; para el sabor los tratamientos del día 10 y 11; finalmente para la aceptabilidad general se obtuvo una mayor preferencia por los tratamientos del día 8 y 9.The aim of the present investigation was to determine the preference of the consumers by means of a sensorial evaluation, in terms of the characteristics of color, texture, flavor and general acceptability on dry edible fungi Suillus luteus harvested at different days (8, 9, 10 and 11) with a pre-treatment of blanching in water (100°C) and a solution of citric acid (0.5%), then be dried at a temperature of 55°C with a speed of air 1,5 m/s. In the first stage, the fungi were characterized at different harvest days in terms of moisture, hardness, and color. For moisture, no significant differences were found between the treatments; for color the luminosity values (L*), chroma (C*) and b* value were determined; for texture, significant differences were found between treatments on day 8 and 9 with days 10 and 11; for hardness it was evidenced that it decreases as the maturation of the fungus progresses. In the second stage, the fungi were dried under the mentioned parameters, the graphs of drying curves were made for each treatment, the equilibrium moisture values, and critical moisture values were obtained. After drying, the water activity (aw) was determined for all the treatments and a value of less than 0.6 was obtained, in which there is no proliferation of bacteria. In the third stage, the sensory evaluation of the dried mushrooms was carried out for the mentioned attributes: for color, a greater preference was obtained in the treatment of day 8; for the texture the preference was for the treatments of day 9 and 10; for the flavor the treatments of day 10 and 11; finally, for general acceptability, a greater preference was obtained for the treatments on day 8 and 9

EVALUACIÓN COMPARATIVA DE LA GESTIÓN Y COSTOS EN SISTEMAS DESCENTRALIZADOS DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMÉSTICAS

Se ha realizado una evaluación comparativa de los costos de tratamiento de aguas residuales en 6 diferentes plantas descentralizadas, ubicadas en las comunidades de Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, Tarata y San Benito, en el Valle Alto de Cochabamba que atienden a poblaciones de tamaño intermedias (de 4 500 a 25 000 habitantes). Se estimaron los costos de inversión anualizados (CAPEX/Vida útil), el costo anualizado de operación (OPEX) y se describen las características de gestión y eficiencias de las plantas. Los resultados de los CAPEX/Vida útil para las PTARs de Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, San Benito y Tarata fueron de 44 566; 34 603; 22 414; 97 194; 25 412 y 36 399 USD/año, respectivamente. Los OPEX para estas PTAR fueron de 21 613; 28 625; 16 720; 19 841; 19 404 y 19 766 USD/año, respectivamente. Los costos por metro cúbico oscilan entre 0,13 y 0,48 USD/m³. Se observó que un menor costo por volumen de agua tratada está relacionado con una menor eficiencia en el sistema de tratamiento. Por otra parte, se encontró que los bajos porcentajes de remoción de contaminantes se ven afectados por la falta de una adecuada operación y mantenimiento. Mayores deficiencias en la operación y mantenimiento se presentaron en las PTAR de Tarata y San Benito, gestionadas por el municipio. La PTAR de Punata, aunque es adecuadamente operada y mantenida, presenta eficiencias relativamente bajas limitadas por la tecnología. Las PTAR de Tolata, Ucureña y Cliza gestionadas por la Fundación Aguatuya bajo un programa de cooperación internacional mostraron mejores eficiencias de remoción

Asignaturas de dobles grados

El objeto del presente estudio es transmitir nuestra experiencia en un fenómeno que aparece cada vez con mayor frecuencia en la universidad española, y que, con la puesta en marcha del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior y su metodología, cuenta con más relevancia. Nos referimos a los dobles grados. Los dobles grados buscan ofrecer estudios más atractivos, tanto a los nuevos y futuros estudiantes como a los futuros empleadores y demandantes de esa mano de obra especialmente cualificada: las empresas. En el desarrollo de este artículo, abordaremos la casuística existente en este departamento con la participación de los distintos docentes que participan tanto en la docencia de las asignaturas denominadas “tradicionales” que son las que se imparten en la mayoría de los grados, sus experiencias docentes y el perfil de alumnado que participa en sus clases, junto con aquellos docentes que se enfrentan a las asignaturas denominadas de “dobles grados” y las características del alumnado, aspecto este último que está en función del tipo de doble grado, y de la especialización que persigue el alumno

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium ameliorates polyneuropathy and foot ulceration in diabetic BKS db/db mice

Background: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common and early developing complication of diabetes mellitus, and the key contributor for foot ulcers development, with no specific therapies available. Different studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration is able to ameliorate DPN; however, limited cell survival and safety reasons hinder its transfer from bench to bedside. MSCs secrete a broad range of antioxidant, neuroprotective, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory factors (known as conditioned medium), which are all decreased in the peripheral nerves of diabetic patients. Furthermore, the abundance of these factors can be boosted in vitro by incubating MSCs with a preconditioning stimulus, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesize that systemic administration of conditioned medium derived from preconditioned MSCs could reverse DPN and prevent foot ulcer formation in a mouse model of type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: Diabetic BKS db/db mice were treated with systemic administration of conditioned medium derived from preconditioned human MSCs; conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned MSCs or vehicle after behavioral signs of DPN was already present. Conditioned medium or vehicle administration was repeated every 2 weeks for a total of four administrations, and several functional and structural parameters characteristic of DPN were evaluated. Finally, a wound was made in the dorsal surface of both feet, and the kinetics of wound closure, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation were evaluated. Results: Our molecular, electrophysiological, and histological analysis demonstrated that the administration of conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned MSCs or from preconditioned MSCs to diabetic BKS db/db mice strongly reverts the established DPN, improving thermal and mechanical sensitivity, restoring intraepidermal nerve fiber density, reducing neuron and Schwann cell apoptosis, improving angiogenesis, and reducing chronic inflammation of peripheral nerves. Furthermore, DPN reversion induced by conditioned medium administration enhances the wound healing process by accelerating wound closure, improving the re-epithelialization of the injured skin and increasing blood vessels in the wound bed in a skin injury model that mimics a foot ulcer. Conclusions: Studies conducted indicate that MSC-conditioned medium administration could be a novel cell-free therapeutic approach to reverse the initial stages of DPN, avoiding the risk of lower limb amputation triggered by foot ulcer formation and accelerating the wound healing process in case it occurs.Fil: De Gregorio, Cristian. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Contador, David. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Díaz, Diego. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Cárcamo, Constanza. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Santapau, Daniela. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Lobos Gonzalez, Lorena. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Acosta, Cristian Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Campero, Mario. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Carpio, Daniel. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Gabriele, Caterina. University Of Catanzaro; ItaliaFil: Gaspari, Marco. University Of Catanzaro; ItaliaFil: Aliaga Tobar, Victor. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Maracaja Coutinho, Vinicius. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Ezquer, Marcelo. Universidad del Desarrollo; ChileFil: Ezquer, Fernando. Universidad del Desarrollo; Chil

Retreatment Predictions in Odontology by means of CBR Systems

The field of odontology requires an appropriate adjustment of treatments according to the circumstances of each patient. A follow-up treatment for a patient experiencing problems from a previous procedure such as endodontic therapy, for example, may not necessarily preclude the possibility of extraction. It is therefore necessary to investigate new solutions aimed at analyzing data and, with regard to the given values, determine whether dental retreatment is required. In this work, we present a decision support system which applies the case-based reasoning (CBR) paradigm, specifically designed to predict the practicality of performing or not performing a retreatment. Thus, the system uses previous experiences to provide new predictions, which is completely innovative in the field of odontology. The proposed prediction technique includes an innovative combination of methods that minimizes false negatives to the greatest possible extent. False negatives refer to a prediction favoring a retreatment when in fact it would be ineffective. The combination of methods is performed by applying an optimization problem to reduce incorrect classifications and takes into account different parameters, such as precision, recall, and statistical probabilities. The proposed system was tested in a real environment and the results obtained are promising

¿La caza de armadillos influye en la expansión de la lepra en Brasil?

La lepra, una enfermedad infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium leprae, es una de las enfermedades infecciosas ocasionadas por micobacterias más importantes en todo el mundo. Esta enfermedad tropical desatendida todavía se presenta en más de 120 países, con más de 200.000 nuevos casos notificados cada año. El 80% de los casos reportados se concentran en países como Brasil, India e Indonesia. La lepra se transmite principalmente entre seres humanos. Sin embargo, en algunas regiones, se ha observado que los armadillos actúan como reservorios naturales de M. leprae. La caza de armadillos es una práctica común es países como Brasil, pudiendo aumentar de esta forma el riesgo de exposición a la bacteria de la lepra. No obstante, esta relación aún necesita más investigación para comprender completamente su alcance y los factores que contribuyen a ella. Para intentar comprender esta relación, se han realizado análisis biogeográficos teniendo en cuenta el concepto One Health. Estos análisis buscan evaluar la relación entre la caza de armadillos Dasypus sp. y Euphractus sexcinctus, la presencia de M. leprae en armadillos y en humanos en Brasil. Se han tenido en cuenta estudios con una muestra total de 241 armadillos, de los cuales se confirmó la presencia de M. leprae en 66 individuos, 457 datos registrados de caza de armadillos y 876.544 casos de lepra en humanos entre 2014 y 2023. Las zonas favorables para la caza de armadillos y los casos de lepra en armadillos coinciden en los biomas Cerrado, Amazonia, oeste de la Caatinga, en la costa de la Mata Atlántica y en el sur de la Pampa. Se ha observado que las regiones favorables tanto para la presencia de M. leprae en armadillos y para la caza de armadillos explican la alta favorabilidad para la presencia de lepra en humanos. Este estudio pretende que las entidades sanitarias y de conservación puedan mejorar los diseños de vigilancia para poder prevenir nuevos casos.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Retreatment predictions in odontology by means of CBR Systems

The field of odontology requires an appropriate adjustment of treatments according to the circumstances of each patient. A follow-up treatment for a patient experiencing problems from a previous procedure such as endodontic therapy, for example, may not necessarily preclude the possibility of extraction. It is therefore necessary to investigate new solutions aimed at analyzing data and, with regard to the given values, determine whether dental retreatment is required. In this work, we present a decision support system which applies the case-based reasoning (CBR) paradigm, specifically designed to predict the practicality of performing or not performing a retreatment. Thus, the system uses previous experiences to provide new predictions, which is completely innovative in the field of odontology. The proposed prediction technique includes an innovative combination of methods that minimizes false negatives to the greatest possible extent. False negatives refer to a prediction favoring a retreatment when in fact it would be ineffective. The combination of methods is performed by applying an optimization problem to reduce incorrect classifications and takes into account different parameters, such as precision, recall, and statistical probabilities. The proposed system was tested in a real environment and the results obtained are promising

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Igneous Geology of the Keystone Window, Simpson Park Mountains, Eureka County, Nevada: Age, Distribution, Composition, and Relationship to Carlin-style Gold Mineralization

Keystone is an early-stage gold exploration project operated by U.S. Gold Corp. located in the northern Simpson Park Mountains, in the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt of north-central Nevada. Dating of ore-stage minerals and cross-cutting relationships between mineralization and dikes elsewhere in Nevada shows that most Carlin-type gold deposits (CTDs) formed over a short interval in the Eocene (~42-35 Ma), coeval with a distinct pulse of arc magmatism that supplied heat and permissively, metals for CTDs. The on-trend location of Keystone, 25 km south of the giant Cortez Hills and Goldrush CTDs, together with widespread alteration of a domed lower plate structural window in the Roberts Mountains allochthon (RMA) that is cored by an Eocene intermediate pluton, make it ideal for the study of proximal to distal styles of Eocene mineralization, including CTDs. U-Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar dating in conjunction with mapping of igneous rocks and alteration provide constraints on the timing and style of magmatism and mineralization.A major normal fault along Keystone’s west flank tilted units moderately east, exposing a 2 km thick crustal section that includes Eocene volcanic rocks, the RMA, lower plate carbonates, and abundant intrusions. Eocene igneous rocks comprise the 4.1 km2 intermediate composite Walti pluton, which domed surrounding wall rocks, and abundant porphyritic, intermediate to silicic stocks, dikes, lavas, and tuffs. All Eocene rocks are shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, and were emplaced from ~36-34.5 Ma. A ~25 km2 magnetic anomaly coincides with the Walti pluton and indicates much larger intrusions at depth. The anomaly is of similar size to the magnetic anomaly associated with the Eocene Bullion intrusion (22 km2) in the southern Carlin trend and the Copper Canyon stock (11 km2), which is associated with the Phoenix-Fortitude gold skarns. Trace-element geochemistry, petrography, crosscutting relations, and isotopic dating of Eocene igneous rocks at Keystone support a complex magmatic evolution with likely varied sources. Older andesite of McClusky Creek, Mud Springs diorite and Gund diorite are interpreted as a separate magmatic system from the later Walti granodiorite to diorite intrusion and its related rocks.The composition and timing of igneous rocks at Keystone are consistent with the last stages of mid-Cenozoic, dominantly intermediate composition magmatism in northeast Nevada, which was active from ~44 to 34 Ma and migrated rapidly southwestward. This Eocene magmatism was characterized by shallow intrusion and mostly effusive volcanism. After ~34 Ma and generally at or immediately south of Keystone, magmatism became dominantly silicic and pyroclastic, part of the Oligocene ignimbrite flare-up of central Nevada (e.g. the nearby ~34 Ma Caetano and Hall Creek calderas). The change in style and composition of mid-Cenozoic magmatism at this latitude coincides with a change in the distribution of Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits from major deposits (+5 Moz contained Au) to the north, to relatively smaller deposits to the south. Whether the change in the magnitude of Carlin-type gold mineralization is directly or indirectly related to changes in mid-Cenozoic magmatism is uncertain and an area of future research.40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite from an alkaline basalt in the Valmy Formation yielded a plateau age of 466.1±0.7 Ma, which is Middle Ordovician. This age is consistent with biostratigraphic ages from conodonts and radiolaria at Keystone. Alkaline mafic rocks at Keystone solely occur in the Ordovician Valmy and Cambrian-Ordovician Comus formations as sills, volcanogenic debris flows, and pillows, typically intercalated with limestone. These rocks, in addition to unusual mineralogy, have distinctive and unusually high concentrations of both compatible and incompatible trace elements consistent with ocean island basalts (OIB) and unlike depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) or arc-related basalts. OIBs likely reflect intraplate or hotspot-related magmatism that developed as a series of seamounts during deposition of rocks of the Valmy and Comus formations and which were later tectonically transported eastward to the Keystone area during Late Devonian/Early Mississippian Antler thrusting. The age, lithologic, and geochemical similarities of these rocks to the Comus Formation in the Osgood Mountains is permissive for their correlation and is particularly important, since the Comus is the principal host unit in the Getchell trend Carlin-type gold deposits.U-Pb zircon dating of conglomerate resting on Paleozoic rocks of the RMA yielded a maximum depositional age of 35.62±0.32 Ma. Conglomeratic rocks elsewhere are commonly correlated with the Paleozoic Antler overlap sequence based on the abundance of RMA-derived chert and quartzite clasts. The recognition of this Eocene conglomerate is important not only for regional mapping but also for understanding the development of Eocene basins, some of which are hydrocarbon-bearing, and for characterizing the switch from late Cretaceous Sevier contraction to an early Cenozoic extensional regime. The basal Eocene conglomerate is the oldest exposed Cenozoic unit at Keystone and is used to constrain the Eocene paleosurface and estimate the depth that Eocene intrusions were emplaced and that mineralization occurred. Hydrothermal activity at Keystone was constrained by field relations and 40Ar/39Ar of illite in altered igneous rocks. The Walti pluton is associated with proximal Pb-Zn-Cu skarn, at the site of the historic Keystone mine. Distal epithermal and Carlin-style mineralization occurs outboard of hornfels halos in overlying and adjacent strata. Drilling by U.S. Gold Corp. commonly intercepted mineralized breccia and jasperoid at the Paleozoic upper- to lower-plate transition, and argillized dikes adjacent to decarbonatized Paleozoic lower-plate carbonate rocks, both of which contain strongly anomalous gold and high concentrations of As, Sb, Hg, Bi, W, Se, and/or Tl. Illite from two samples of altered andesite dikes of McClusky Creek did not yield 40Ar/39Ar plateaus but nonetheless produced geologically reasonable weighted mean ages of 35.71±0.12 Ma and 35.54±0.06 Ma, which are slightly younger than the ~35.99 to 35.85 Ma 40Ar/39Ar igneous hornblende ages. Thus, the illite ages from the altered andesite dikes are considered the best approximate for the age of Carlin-type gold mineralization in the northeastern area of Keystone. A rhyolite porphyry intrusion exhibited the most sericitic and argillic alteration after the altered dikes, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine from the unaltered core of the rhyolite yielded an age of 35.43±0.06 Ma. This rhyolite porphyry is possibly the youngest intrusion at Keystone, and is preferentially altered over adjacent intrusions. This suggests the rhyolite intruded an extensional structure that also controlled hydrothermal fluids. Abundant quartz porphyry rhyolite dikes at the nearby Cortez Hills CTD have been interpreted as syn-mineralization because they are altered and locally mineralized; these pre-Caetano caldera dikes are of similar age and composition to the rhyolite porphyry at Keystone