Formar bem as mães para criar e educar boas crianças: as revistas portuguesas de educação familiar e a difusão da maternidade científica (1945-1958)

Este artigo tem como principal objetivo contribuir para a compreensão do processo de construção da maternidade científica em Portugal. Neste sentido, foi analisado um conjunto de artigos (n=628), publicados em revistas de educação familiar, entre 1945 e 1958. A análise realizada permitiu compreender que as revistas analisadas contribuem para a difusão da maternidade científica, ou seja, da ideia de que a aquisição de conhecimento científico sobre a criação e educação das crianças é elemento indispensável ao adequado exercício da função maternal. Observou-se, ainda, a existência de diferentes estratégias de educação para a maternidade, às quais está subjacente um elemento de classe, assim como diferentes níveis de adesão, por parte das mulheres, à concepção de maternidade científica

Understanding the relation between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse fetal, infant and child outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of pregnant women and their infants and children

IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty.Ethics and disseminationThe IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42017068915).</jats:sec

O império dos mil anos e a arte do "tempo barroco": a águia bicéfala como emblema da Cristandade

The article reveals that between the mid-17th century and the mid-18th century, in the ecclesiastical world of the religious orders (Jesuits, franciscans, Carmelites, Cistercians, Augustinian, etc.) and the episcopate, there was the progressive adoption of the imperial symbol, the double-headed eagle, attribute of the Christian Empire, the germanic Holy Roman Empire emblem. However, in the religious field, this imperial eagle of the baroque time appears without the political insignia (sword, scepter and the imperial orb), adorning altars, monstrances, trumphal archs, facades of temples, doors, walls, domes, pulpits, sacred washbasins, sculptures and paintings of the Virgin and Child, liturgical robes, etc.; therefore related to the cult and the dogmas of the Catholic faith - in artistic works, the association between the double eagle and the flesh-spirit or human-divine unity, axial principle of the Catholic faith, represented by Virgin-Mother and Christ, is often indicated directly. The research has located and identified numerous remnants of the double eagle emblem in religious field in Portugal and Spain and in their conquests and dominions in America, Asia and Africa, and also in Italy, and the historiography on painful birth of the modern era in the West has never realized this phenomenon. Symbolizing absolute power, universal power, these works with sacred significance, as the ecclesiastical discourse of the time, demonstrate movement occurred in religious plane. With the aim to assert not only spiritual but also temporal power of Christ and his mystical body, the Church was impelled by the idea of restoring the "Republica Christiana" or Christendon - disrupted by conflicts of power and faith - and of introducing a Universal Apostolic Monarchy extended to all mankind: the Empire of the Last Days, the Empire of Christ in the world, the fifth Empire

A passagem da educação infantil para o ensino fundamental: tensões contemporâneas

No contexto da ampliação do ensino fundamental para nove anos, o artigo relata como foi vivida, por um grupo de crianças, a transição de uma escola de educação infantil para uma de ensino fundamental em Belo Horizonte. O processo de construção e análise dos dados da pesquisa baseou-se na abordagem interpretativa da sociologia da infância e na etnografia interacional. Verificou-se que as práticas educativas que assumiram centralidade na educação infantil e no ensino fundamental se estruturavam em torno da brincadeira e do letramento, mas situadas diferencialmente nos dois segmentos. Na escola de educação infantil, a centralidade do brincar esteve presente na organização das rotinas institucionais. No entanto, tendo em vista sua condição de sujeitos inseridos em uma cultura grafocêntrica, as crianças voltaram-se para a apropriação da língua escrita, engajando-se individual e coletivamente em diversos eventos de letramento. Ao inserir-se no ensino fundamental, as crianças depararam-se com um hiato entre as experiências desenvolvidas na educação infantil e as práticas educativas da nova escola: o brincar foi situado em segundo plano. Argumentamos que a falta de diálogo presente na organização do sistema educacional brasileiro em relação aos dois primeiros níveis da educação básica se refletiu no processo de desencontros vivenciados pelas crianças pesquisadas. Nesse sentido, a investigação, ao ter como foco o registro da experiência infantil, evidenciou a necessidade de uma maior integração entre o brincar e o letramento nas práticas pedagógicas da educação infantil e do ensino fundamental, ambas dimensões centrais da cultura infantil contemporânea.In the context of the extension of fundamental education to nine years, the article describes how the transition from an early childhood education school to an elementary school was experienced by a group of children in Belo Horizonte. The process of construction and analysis of the research data was based on the interpretive approach of the sociology of childhood, and on interactional ethnography. It was observed that the educational practices that gained central role in early childhood education and in fundamental education were structured around play and literacy, but situated differently within the two segments. For early childhood education, the centrality of play has been present in the organization of institutional routines. However, due to their condition as subjects inserted in a graphocentric culture, children turned to the appropriation of written language, engaging individually and collectively in various literacy events. When coming into fundamental education, children faced the chasm between the experiences developed in early childhood education and the educational practices of their new school: playing was put in second place. We argue here that the lack of dialogue between the first two levels of basic education observed in the organization of the Brazilian education system is reflected in the troubled processes experienced by the children studied. In this sense, the investigation, by having its focus on the recording of children's experiences, revealed the need for better integration of playing and literacy in the pedagogical practices of early childhood education and of fundamental education, both of them central dimensions of contemporary child culture