Notas sobre a mediação entre o erudito e o popular

Através das reflexões pioneiras de Gramsci e Bakhtin, percebeu-se que as camadas subalternas também eram capazes de construir sua própria concepção de mundo. Mas a idéia de "cultura popular" já havia sido largamente utilizada antes deles. Criada em fins do século XVIII como parte da proposta estética do romantismo, ela ajudou a fundar uma percepção dicotômica da sociedade que só agora começa a ser questionada. Hoje fica cada vez mais clara a importância dos indivíduos que atuavam como mediadores entre o "erudito" e o "popular", estabelecendo pontos de contato ou reforçando suas zonas de atrito.Through the pioneer reflections of Gramsci and Bakhtin, one realized that the subordinate layers were also able to build their own conception of the world. But the idea of "popular culture" had been widely used before them. Created in the end of the eigthteen century as part of the esthetics proposals of romanticism, it helped found a dicotomic perception of the society that only now has been questioned. Today the importance of the individuals who acted as mediators between "erudite" and "popular" becomes clearer, establishing points of contact or reinforcing their zones of disagreement

Volta ao mundo por ouvir-dizer: redes de informação e a cultura geográfica do Renascimento

This paper shows what an important role Renaissance culture played in shaping the mindset of modern travelers thanks to its focus on observation, curiosity and the pursuit of intellectual refinement. Another peculiarity of this historical period is the use of geographic knowledge for strategic purposes. However, the official secrets, homologated by the Casas de Contratación (entities set up by Spain to control colonial trade), went through a continuous process of corrosion. The need of the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns to ratify their possession of new colonial territories made the disclosure of such information as important as silence. Furthermore, the experience of the Discoveries was assimilated by second-hand informers and shared through diplomatic and commercial channels that branched out across Europe. This collective and non-official organism - or "network" as we might call it today - made data relative to Asia, Africa and America available to cosmographers, thus constituting a firm basis for 16th-century cartography. The paper is an effort to show that the flow of geographic knowledge during the Age of Discoveries was characterized by a virtually unrestricted practice of copying and by a circuit of consumption that was both informal and international.Este artigo elucida que, ao privilegiar a observação, a curiosidade e a busca de aprimoramento intelectual, a cultura do Renascimento é um fator determinante na criação do viajante moderno. Outra peculiaridade do período reside na transformação do conhecimento geográfico em foco de interesse estratégico. Mas o segredo oficial, preservado pelas "casas de contratação", passou por um contínuo processo de corrosão. A necessidade das Coroas ibéricas de ratificar a posse sobre os novos territórios coloniais tornava a divulgação tão importante quanto o silêncio. Além disto, a experiência dos Descobrimentos foi assimilada por informantes de segunda-mão e transmitida através de canais diplomáticos e comerciais, numa trama que se ramificou por toda Europa. Tal organismo coletivo e não-oficial, que hoje chamaríamos de "rede", colocou dados relativos à Ásia, África e América à disposição dos cosmógrafos, e constituiu assim o núcleo fundamental da cartografia quinhentista. O artigo tenta mostrar que o fluxo do saber geográfico no período dos Descobrimentos caracterizou-se pela prática quase irrestrita da cópia e pela configuração informal e internacional do seu circuito de consumo

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Statement of Second Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Ventilarion : part I

Resumo não disponíve

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Notas sobre a mediação entre o erudito e o popular

Through the pioneer reflections of Gramsci and Bakhtin, one realized that the subordinate layers were also able to build their own conception of the world. But the idea of "popular culture" had been widely used before them. Created in the end of the eigthteen century as part of the esthetics proposals of romanticism, it helped found a dicotomic perception of the society that only now has been questioned. Today the importance of the individuals who acted as mediators between "erudite" and "popular" becomes clearer, establishing points of contact or reinforcing their zones of disagreement

O Amazonas e o Prata na mitogeografia da América

Vários rios americanos intrigaram navegadores e cosmógrafos. Tal reação lança luz sobre um estrato cultural profundo ligado à simbologia dos grandes mananciais. Já na antiguidade clássica e nos primórdios do cristianismo, os rios estavam associados a um duplo significado: ora como obstáculo (limite natural de uma identidade coletiva) e ora como atalho (signo da possibilidade de romper fronteiras e permutar espaços). Preocupação constante nas estratégias européias de penetração e controle do território, o Amazonas e o Prata deram vida a um notável complexo mitológico. Suas margens serviram para ordenar uma série de referências fabulosas, tais como tribos de gigantes e pigmeus, o reino das amazonas, as montanhas resplandecentes do Parima, a província de Omagua, o El Dorado. O papel deste imaginário fluvial foi dar consistência ao desconhecido, ajudando a tornar o Novo Mundo uma realidade mais coerente e compreensível