La « fonction essentielle » des femmes : Famille, travail domestique et salaire en Italie entre fascisme et République

L’article analyse le débat politique autour du salaire pour les femmes au foyer en Italie. Il remonte aux sources de cette question dans les propos du mouvement tayloriste sur l’organisation scientifique du travail domestique qui se développera en Italie, et ailleurs en Europe, à partir des années 1920. Puis, il se prolonge, dans l’après-guerre, quand la discussion reprendra lors de la rédaction de la Constitution de la République italienne. Son article 37 réaffirmera la « naturalité » de la fonction maternelle et stoppera le débat. La question du « salaire domestique » émergera à nouveau dans les années 1970 dans les réflexions du groupe féministe de Padoue, Lotta femminista. Dans les mêmes années les femmes immigrées commencent à devenir prépondérantes dans ce secteur du marché de travail.L’articolo analizza il dibattito politico sul salario alle casalinghe in Italia, rintracciando innanzitutto le sue fonti nei propositi del movimento taylorista sull’organizzazione scientifica del lavoro domestico, che si svilupperà in Italia e altrove in Europa, a partire dagli anni ’20. Nel dopoguerra, il dibattito riprenderà in occasione della redazione della Costituzione repubblicana. L’articolo 37 riaffermerà la “naturalità” della funzione materna e arresterà il dibattito. La questione del “salario domestico” riemergerà negli anni Settanta, nell’elaborazione del gruppo femminista padovano, Lotta femminista. Negli stessi anni, le donne immigrate cominceranno a diventare preponderanti in questo specifico settore del mercato del lavoro.The article analyses the political debate on the Housewives’ Wages in Italy. The debate begins with the Taylorist movement about the scientific organisation of domestic work, which develops in Italy, as elsewhere in Europe, starting from the 1920s. After the II world war, the debate will resume on the occasion of the drafting of the brand-new Republican Constitution. The emblematic article 37 will renew the “naturality” of the maternal function and will stop the debate. The question of the “domestic salary” will re-emerge in the mid-seventies particularly in the political activism of the feminist group, based in Padua, Lotta Femminista (Feminist Struggle). In these same years, immigrant women begin to become predominant in this specific sector of the labour market

Anxiety and depression in keratotic oral lichen planus: a multicentric study from the SIPMO

Objectives: Oral lichen planus with exclusive keratotic reticular, papular, and/or plaque-like lesions (K-OLP) is a clinical pattern of OLP that may be associated with a complex symptomatology and psychological alteration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety (A) and depression (D) in patients with K-OLP, analyzing the potential predictors which can affect mental health status. Methods: Three hundred K-OLP patients versus 300 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in 15 Italian universities. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI), and Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and for Anxiety (HAM-D and HAM-A) were administered. Results: The K-OLP patients showed statistically higher scores in the NRS, T-PRI, HAM-D, and HAM-A compared with the HC (p-value < 0.001**). A and D were found in 158 (52.7%) and 148 (49.3%) K-OLP patients. Strong linear correlations were identified between HAM-A, HAM-D, NRS, T-PRI, and employment status and between HAM-D, HAM-A, NRS, T-PRI, employment status, and female gender. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that HAM-D and HAM-A showed the greatest increase in the R2 value for A and D in the K-OLP patients, respectively (DR2 = 55.5% p-value < 0.001**; DR2 = 56.5% p-value < 0.001**). Conclusions: The prevalence of A and D is higher in the K-OLP patients compared with the HC, also found in K-OLP subjects without pain, suggesting that the processing of pain may be in a certain way independent of the processing of mood. Clinical relevance: Mood disorders and pain assessment should be carefully performed in relation to K-OLP to obtain a complete analysis of the patients

Rationale and design of an independent randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of aripiprazole or haloperidol in combination with clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One third to two thirds of people with schizophrenia have persistent psychotic symptoms despite clozapine treatment. Under real-world circumstances, the need to provide effective therapeutic interventions to patients who do not have an optimal response to clozapine has been cited as the most common reason for simultaneously prescribing a second antipsychotic drug in combination treatment strategies. In a clinical area where the pressing need of providing therapeutic answers has progressively increased the occurrence of antipsychotic polypharmacy, despite the lack of robust evidence of its efficacy, we sought to implement a pre-planned protocol where two alternative therapeutic answers are systematically provided and evaluated within the context of a pragmatic, multicentre, independent randomised study.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The principal clinical question to be answered by the present project is the relative efficacy and tolerability of combination treatment with clozapine plus aripiprazole compared with combination treatment with clozapine plus haloperidol in patients with an incomplete response to treatment with clozapine over an appropriate period of time. This project is a prospective, multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial that follow patients over a period of 12 months. Withdrawal from allocated treatment within 3 months is the primary outcome.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The implementation of the protocol presented here shows that it is possible to create a network of community psychiatric services that accept the idea of using their everyday clinical practice to produce randomised knowledge. The employed pragmatic attitude allowed to randomly allocate more than 100 individuals, which means that this study is the largest antipsychotic combination trial conducted so far in Western countries. We expect that the current project, by generating evidence on whether it is clinically useful to combine clozapine with aripiprazole rather than with haloperidol, provides physicians with a solid evidence base to be directly applied in the routine care of patients with schizophrenia.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p><b>Clincaltrials.gov Identifier</b>: NCT00395915</p

Italian scientific migration to the United States of America after 1938 racial laws

This paper analyzes Italian scientific migration to the United States, following the introduction of the Fascist regime’s anti-Semitic laws in 1938. While German, British and American historiography has devoted considerable attention to the issue of 1930s scientific migration to the US, scholars have mostly overlooked the Italian case. Drawing on individual biographies, institutional histories, and theoretical contributions, the paper provides a new analytic approach on the scientific migration from Italy. Using various sources, especially the records of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, deposited at New York Public Library this paper challenges the idea that Italian scientific wave to the United States can be considered not just as an exile or an escape, as the Italian historians use to do, because it present certain traits typical of migrations. The placement of scholars, for example, took place through a series of migration networks, which are analyzed as well as the integration/assimilation process.This paper analyzes Italian scientific migration to the United States, following the introduction of the Fascist regime’s anti-Semitic laws in 1938. While German, British and American historiography has devoted considerable attention to the issue of 1930s scientific migration to the US, scholars have mostly overlooked the Italian case. Drawing on individual biographies, institutional histories, and theoretical contributions, the paper provides a new analytic approach on the scientific migration from Italy. Using various sources, especially the records of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, deposited at New York Public Library this paper challenges the idea that Italian scientific wave to the United States can be considered not just as an exile or an escape, as the Italian historians use to do, because it present certain traits typical of migrations. The placement of scholars, for example, took place through a series of migration networks, which are analyzed as well as the integration/assimilation process