Unexpected Coexisting Myocardial Infarction Detected by Delayed Enhancement MRI

We report a case of an unexpected coexisting anterior myocardial infarction detected by delayed enhancement MRI in a 41-year-old man following a presentation with a first episode of chest pain during inferior acute myocardial infarction. This second necrotic area was not initially suspected because there were no ECG changes in the anterior leads and the left descending coronary artery did not present any significant stenoses on emergency coronary angiography. Unrecognised myocardial infarction may carry important prognostic implications. CMR is currently the best imaging technique to detect unexpected infarcts

Virus-Negative Active Lymphocytic Myocarditis Progressing to a Fibrotic Stage

We report a fairly special case of lymphocytic myocarditis progressing to a fibrotic stage, described using multimodality imaging and confirmed on histopathology. This paper presents an uncommon diagnosis with a probable guarded prognosis

Beta-blocker management in patients admitted for acute heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a review and expert consensus opinion

The role of the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway in heart failure (HF) is pivotal. Early blockade of this pathway with beta-blocker (BB) therapy is recommended as the first-line medication for patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Conversely, in patients with severe acute HF (AHF), including those with resolved cardiogenic shock (CS), BB initiation can be hazardous. There are very few data on the management of BB in these situations. The present expert consensus aims to review all published data on the use of BB in patients with severe decompensated AHF, with or without hemodynamic compromise, and proposes an expert-recommended practical algorithm for the prescription and monitoring of BB therapy in critical settings

Association of the PHACTR1/EDN1 genetic locus with spontaneous coronary artery dissection

Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly recognized cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) afflicting predominantly younger to middle-aged women. Observational studies have reported a high prevalence of extracoronary vascular anomalies, especially fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and a low prevalence of coincidental cases of atherosclerosis. PHACTR1/EDN1 is a genetic risk locus for several vascular diseases, including FMD and coronary artery disease, with the putative causal noncoding variant at the rs9349379 locus acting as a potential enhancer for the endothelin-1 (EDN1) gene. Objectives: This study sought to test the association between the rs9349379 genotype and SCAD. Methods: Results from case control studies from France, United Kingdom, United States, and Australia were analyzed to test the association with SCAD risk, including age at first event, pregnancy-associated SCAD (P-SCAD), and recurrent SCAD. Results: The previously reported risk allele for FMD (rs9349379-A) was associated with a higher risk of SCAD in all studies. In a meta-analysis of 1,055 SCAD patients and 7,190 controls, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50 to 1.86) per copy of rs9349379-A. In a subset of 491 SCAD patients, the OR estimate was found to be higher for the association with SCAD in patients without FMD (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.33) than in SCAD cases with FMD (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.99). There was no effect of genotype on age at first event, P-SCAD, or recurrence. Conclusions: The first genetic risk factor for SCAD was identified in the largest study conducted to date for this condition. This genetic link may contribute to the clinical overlap between SCAD and FMD

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Imagerie multi-modalité en tomographie par cohérence optique de la plaque d’athérosclérose

Intravascular imaging technologies i.e. IVUS and IV-OCT are valuable tools for interventionguidance and diagnostic plaque imaging.Chapter 1 introduces the drawbacks of coronary angiography in the clinical practice. In severalcircumstances, IVUS and IV-OCT have clearly an additional value when they are used as adiagnosis tool in case of angiographic ambiguities. We recently reported the first observationusing IV-OCT to describe a coronary dissection of a septal perforating branch causing AMI.Chapter 2 focuses on the inter-institute reliability of IV-OCT to determine qualitative andquantitative parameters of atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of our study was to investigatefurther inter- and intra-observer reproducibility, the inter-institute variability for IV-OCT (OFDI)quantitative and qualitative measurements vs. IVUS measurements using publishedconsensus document definitions. In our work, we observed that in the measurement of lumenCSA, maximum and minimum lumen diameters, stent CSA, maximum and minimum stentdiameters by analysts from 2 different laboratories, inter-institute reproducibility of OFDI wasfound to be more consistent than IVUS.Chapter 3 present 2 new robust hybrid intravascular imaging technologies developed in Dr.Tearney’s laboratory i.e. OFDI-NIRS and OFDI-NIRAF, which may offer supplementary criteriafor plaque vulnerability. First-in-human OFDI-NIRS imaging procedures are anticipated in thenear future. First-in-human OFDI-NIRAF imaging procedures have been performed in a firstpioneering series of 12 stable patients between July 2014 and January 2015. Findings of thispilot study showed that NIRAF was focally elevated in plaque locations where most high-riskmorphologic phenotypes were evident. The biochemical substrates of the NIRAF signal stillhave to be elucidated.Les technologies d'imagerie intravasculaire c’est à dire l’échographie endo-coronaire (IVUS)et la tomographie par cohérence optique (IV-OCT) sont des outils précieux pour aider audiagnostic de la plaque d’athérosclérose et guider les gestes thérapeutiques.Le chapitre 1 présente les inconvénients de la coronarographie dans la pratique clinique.Dans plusieurs circonstances, l’IVUS et l’OCT ont clairement une valeur supplémentaire quandils sont utilisés comme un outil diagnostique en cas d'ambiguïtés angiographiques. Nousavons récemment rapporté la première observation utilisant l’OCT pour décrire une dissectioncoronaire d'une branche septale perforante responsable d’un infarctus du myocarde.Le chapitre 2 porte sur la reproductibilité de I’OCT entre différents instituts concernant denombreux paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la plaque d'athérome. Le but de notre étudeétait d'étudier en plus de la reproductibilité inter- et intra-observateur, la variabilité inter-institutsde I’OCT concernant les mesures quantitatives et qualitatives et de la comparer à celle del’IVUS. Dans ce travail, nous avons observé que, dans la mesure de la surface de la lumièreendocoronaire, des diamètres minimum et maximum de cette même lumière endocoronaire,de la surface endo-luminale du stent, des diamètres minimum et maximum endo-luminaux dustent, par des analystes provenant de 2 laboratoires différents, la reproductibilité inter-institutsde I’OCT était nettement supérieure à celle de l’IVUS. Le Chapitre 3 présente 2 nouvelles technologies robustes d'imagerie intravasculaire hybridesdéveloppées dans le laboratoire du Professeur Guillermo J. Tearney: l’OCT couplée à laspectroscopie dans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRS) et l’OCT couplée à l’autofluorescencedans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRAF). Les premières procédures d’OFDI-NIRS chezl’homme sont prévues dans un avenir proche. Les premières procédures chez l’homme ontété réalisées chez 12 patients porteurs d’un angor stable entre Juillet 2014 et Janvier 2015.Les résultats de cette étude pilote ont montré que le signal d’autofluorescence recueilli(NIRAF) a été focalement trés élevé dans des endroits de la plaque d’athérome où la plupartdes phénotypes morphologiques en OCT d’une plaque à haut risque de rupture étaientévidents. Les substrats biochimiques de ce signal d’autofluorescence (NIRAF) sont encore àélucider

Multi-modality imaging of atherosclerotic plaque using optical coherence tomography

Les technologies d'imagerie intravasculaire c’est à dire l’échographie endo-coronaire (IVUS)et la tomographie par cohérence optique (IV-OCT) sont des outils précieux pour aider audiagnostic de la plaque d’athérosclérose et guider les gestes thérapeutiques.Le chapitre 1 présente les inconvénients de la coronarographie dans la pratique clinique.Dans plusieurs circonstances, l’IVUS et l’OCT ont clairement une valeur supplémentaire quandils sont utilisés comme un outil diagnostique en cas d'ambiguïtés angiographiques. Nousavons récemment rapporté la première observation utilisant l’OCT pour décrire une dissectioncoronaire d'une branche septale perforante responsable d’un infarctus du myocarde.Le chapitre 2 porte sur la reproductibilité de I’OCT entre différents instituts concernant denombreux paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la plaque d'athérome. Le but de notre étudeétait d'étudier en plus de la reproductibilité inter- et intra-observateur, la variabilité inter-institutsde I’OCT concernant les mesures quantitatives et qualitatives et de la comparer à celle del’IVUS. Dans ce travail, nous avons observé que, dans la mesure de la surface de la lumièreendocoronaire, des diamètres minimum et maximum de cette même lumière endocoronaire,de la surface endo-luminale du stent, des diamètres minimum et maximum endo-luminaux dustent, par des analystes provenant de 2 laboratoires différents, la reproductibilité inter-institutsde I’OCT était nettement supérieure à celle de l’IVUS. Le Chapitre 3 présente 2 nouvelles technologies robustes d'imagerie intravasculaire hybridesdéveloppées dans le laboratoire du Professeur Guillermo J. Tearney: l’OCT couplée à laspectroscopie dans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRS) et l’OCT couplée à l’autofluorescencedans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRAF). Les premières procédures d’OFDI-NIRS chezl’homme sont prévues dans un avenir proche. Les premières procédures chez l’homme ontété réalisées chez 12 patients porteurs d’un angor stable entre Juillet 2014 et Janvier 2015.Les résultats de cette étude pilote ont montré que le signal d’autofluorescence recueilli(NIRAF) a été focalement trés élevé dans des endroits de la plaque d’athérome où la plupartdes phénotypes morphologiques en OCT d’une plaque à haut risque de rupture étaientévidents. Les substrats biochimiques de ce signal d’autofluorescence (NIRAF) sont encore àélucider.Intravascular imaging technologies i.e. IVUS and IV-OCT are valuable tools for interventionguidance and diagnostic plaque imaging.Chapter 1 introduces the drawbacks of coronary angiography in the clinical practice. In severalcircumstances, IVUS and IV-OCT have clearly an additional value when they are used as adiagnosis tool in case of angiographic ambiguities. We recently reported the first observationusing IV-OCT to describe a coronary dissection of a septal perforating branch causing AMI.Chapter 2 focuses on the inter-institute reliability of IV-OCT to determine qualitative andquantitative parameters of atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of our study was to investigatefurther inter- and intra-observer reproducibility, the inter-institute variability for IV-OCT (OFDI)quantitative and qualitative measurements vs. IVUS measurements using publishedconsensus document definitions. In our work, we observed that in the measurement of lumenCSA, maximum and minimum lumen diameters, stent CSA, maximum and minimum stentdiameters by analysts from 2 different laboratories, inter-institute reproducibility of OFDI wasfound to be more consistent than IVUS.Chapter 3 present 2 new robust hybrid intravascular imaging technologies developed in Dr.Tearney’s laboratory i.e. OFDI-NIRS and OFDI-NIRAF, which may offer supplementary criteriafor plaque vulnerability. First-in-human OFDI-NIRS imaging procedures are anticipated in thenear future. First-in-human OFDI-NIRAF imaging procedures have been performed in a firstpioneering series of 12 stable patients between July 2014 and January 2015. Findings of thispilot study showed that NIRAF was focally elevated in plaque locations where most high-riskmorphologic phenotypes were evident. The biochemical substrates of the NIRAF signal stillhave to be elucidated