Níveis críticos de fósforo, para milho, em casa de vegetação, de acordo com a sua localização no solo Critical phosphorus levels for greenhouse-grown corn, as a function of its placement in the soil

A aplicação localizada de P no solo apresenta grande influência sobre sua disponibilidade, pois diminui as reações de adsorção, precipitação e fixação, em virtude da redução da superfície de contato com o solo. Em casa de vegetação, estudou-se a calibração de P diante da diferença de teores no solo provocada por sua localização. Foram usadas amostras de um LVAd de Viçosa e de um LVAm de Lassance. Utilizaram-se 14 combinações de sete doses de P adicionadas na parte central e superior do vaso ("cova") com sete doses de P adicionadas no solo circundante à "cova" (solo "externo"). As amostras dos dois locais foram incubadas por 20 d, com calcário, e por 40 d, com P, em embalagens separadas e depois acondicionadas no vaso. As sementes de milho foram semeadas no meio da "cova". As plantas foram cultivadas por 32 d. Determinaram-se a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, o teor de P por Mehlich-1 nos dois locais do solo em amostras colhidas depois da incubação e antes do plantio e de uma amostra composta pelo solo da "cova" mais o "externo" da parte superior, após a colheita. A produção de matéria seca não se relacionou bem com a quantidade de P aplicada por vaso, mas, sim, com as doses aplicadas nos dois locais, mostrando o efeito da localização. O crescimento da planta dependeu essencialmente da dose aplicada na "cova". Os elevados valores de nível crítico para a "cova" não implicam o uso de grande quantidade de P por vaso. O teor de P na amostra da metade superior do solo do vaso retirada após a colheita representou bem a disponibilidade média, porém não se relacionou bem com o crescimento da planta, o que dificulta a obtenção de um nível crítico para amostras que representem a fertilidade média para todo o volume de solo. Sugerem-se mudanças no método de calibração de P, em condições de aplicação localizada do P.<br>Localized application of P in the soil has great influence on its availability because it reduces de adsorption reactions, precipitation and fixation, due to the lowered soil contact surface area. This study, carried out in a greenhouse, aimed to calibrate P soil concentrations for corn growth as affected by fertilizer placement. Samples of two Oxisols (LVAd and LVAm) were used. The treatment consisted of 14 combinations of 7 P rates, which were placed in holes in the upper mid part of the pot, with 7 P doses applied in the soil around the holes. Soil samples from both localizations were incubated separately with limestone for 20 days and with P for 40 days before being placed in the pots. Corn seeds were sown in the same holes as the fertilizer. The corn plants were grown for 32 days and the shoot dry matter determined. Soil samples were collected from both positions of fertilizer placement before sowing and after harvesting the plant, plus a composite sample of both soil positions after harvest. The soil P content was determined by Mehlich-1. Dry matter yield was not closely related with the applied P per pot, but it was related with the doses applied in both positions, which demonstrated the effect of localization. Plant growth depended essentially on the dose applied in the "hole". The high critical P level determined for this placement does not imply the use of a high amount of P per pot. The P content determined in the upper soil part after the harvest represented well the mean P availability, but did not show a close relationship with plant growth, indicating the difficulty of establishing a critical level that would represent the mean fertility of the whole soil volume. We suggest adjustments in the calibration method for P that would take into account the localized P applications

CMS physics technical design report: Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

This report presents the capabilities of the CMS experiment to explore the rich heavy-ion physics programme offered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The collisions of lead nuclei at energies ,will probe quark and gluon matter at unprecedented values of energy density. The prime goal of this research is to study the fundamental theory of the strong interaction - Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - in extreme conditions of temperature, density and parton momentum fraction (low-x). This report covers in detail the potential of CMS to carry out a series of representative Pb-Pb measurements. These include "bulk" observables, (charged hadron multiplicity, low pT inclusive hadron identified spectra and elliptic flow) which provide information on the collective properties of the system, as well as perturbative probes such as quarkonia, heavy-quarks, jets and high pT hadrons which yield "tomographic" information of the hottest and densest phases of the reaction.0info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe