I confini dell’esclusione: il processo storico di costruzione della cittadinanza alla luce dei lavori di Norbert Elias

L’articolo qui proposto si colloca all’interno di un programma di ricerca che ha come oggetto lo studio dei fenomeni di esclusione associati al processo storico di costruzione della cittadinanza. Nelle pagine che seguono, lo studio di questi fenomeni si avvarrà di alcune categorie tratte dai lavori di Norbert Elias. L’attenzione, nello specifico, sarà focalizzata su tre aspetti del pensiero dello studioso tedesco: il ruolo del potere nei processi di esclusione; il potere tra piano micro e piano macro; il ruolo della violenza nel processo di civilizzazione. In questo lavoro, inoltre, si cercherà di evidenziare le possibili convergenze – senza tuttavia tralasciare le nette differenze – tra le riflessioni dello studioso tedesco e le proposte interpretative avanzate nell’ambito degli studi riconducibili alla world-systems analysis. Più in dettaglio, si cercherà di evidenziare i seguenti punti di contatto tra le prime e le seconde: il potere come categoria centrale per comprendere la natura dell’esclusione; l’estensione dello studio del potere – inteso come egemonia – dal piano micro a quello macro

Localizzazione dei diritti o localismo dell’appartenenza? Abbozzo di una teoria della residenza

The aim of this article is to investigate the nature and the specificities of a new status that, as a consequence of the current “crisis” of national citizenship, is purchasing an increasing importance: residence. More in detail, the object of this paper is constituted by the attempt to understand whether the process of “location of the rights” that is taking place in many European states, and particularly in the Italian context, is shaping an inclusionary system of ‘local citizenships’ or, rather, an exclusionary one, based on a particularistic idea of membership

I confini dell’esclusione. Il processo storico di costruzione della cittadinanza alla luce dei lavori di Norbert Elias

L\u2019articolo qui proposto si colloca all\u2019interno di un programma di ricerca che ha come oggetto lo studio dei fenomeni di esclusione associati al processo storico di costruzione della cittadinanza. Nelle pagine che seguono, lo studio di questi fenomeni si avvarr\ue0 di alcune categorie tratte dai lavori di Norbert Elias. L\u2019attenzione, nello specifico, sar\ue0 focalizzata su tre aspetti del pensiero dello studioso tedesco: il ruolo del potere nei processi di esclusione; il potere tra piano micro e piano macro; il ruolo della violenza nel processo di civilizzazione. In questo lavoro, inoltre, si cercher\ue0 di evidenziare le possibili convergenze \u2013 senza tuttavia tralasciare le nette differenze \u2013 tra le riflessioni dello studioso tedesco e le proposte interpretative avanzate nell\u2019ambito degli studi riconducibili alla world-systems analysis. Pi\uf9 in dettaglio, si cercher\ue0 di evidenziare i seguenti punti di contatto tra le prime e le seconde: il potere come categoria centrale per comprendere la natura dell\u2019esclusione; l\u2019estensione dello studio del potere \u2013 inteso come egemonia \u2013 dal piano micro a quello macro

Participation and privatisation in neoliberal policies. The Case of Italian ‘Piani di Zona’

Nowadays, participation is a core issue in the broad field of social sciences. In the specific context of social policy, citizen participation is viewed as a key element of local welfare systems, and particularly for the planning activities that are linked to it. The institutional documents which formalise these activities-‘Piani di Zona’ (PdZ, local 3-year social plan)-contain discourses that strongly emphasise the role of ordinary citizens and third sector organisations. Yet, despite the intentions proclaimed within the texts of the Plans, the type of participation effectively promoted by these documents seems restricted to certain organisations of civil society-well-structured interest groups-rather than to the general citizenry. So the texts of the PdZ do not describe in a clear and plausible manner the procedures by which the involvement of ordinary citizens should be made possible. This article aims to demonstrate that this discrepancy be-tween the purposes declared within the PdZ and the means to be deployed is a catalyst for a process of privatisation of social policies. To this end, the article focuses on the PdZ as documents containing dis-courses, and analyses them through the lens of critical discourse studies (CDS)Nowadays, participation is a core issue in the broad field of social sciences. In the specific context of social policy, citizen participation is viewed as a key element of local welfare systems, and particularly for the planning activities that are linked to it. The institutional documents which formalise these activities-'Piani di Zona' (PdZ, local 3-year social plan)-contain discourses that strongly emphasise the role of ordinary citizens and third sector organisations. Yet, despite the intentions proclaimed within the texts of the Plans, the type of participation effectively promoted by these documents seems restricted to certain organisations of civil society-well-structured interest groups-rather than to the general citizenry. So the texts of the PdZ do not describe in a clear and plausible manner the procedures by which the involvement of ordinary citizens should be made possible. This article aims to demonstrate that this discrepancy between the purposes declared within the PdZ and the means to be deployed is a catalyst for a process of privatisation of social policies. To this end, the article focuses on the PdZ as documents containing discourses, and analyses them through the lens of critical discourse studies (CDS)

Emergenza, crisi, sicurezza. Decisioni extra-ordinarie tra governo centrale e amministrazioni locali

The intensification of terrorist attacks in Europe, the worsening effects of the global economic crisis, the constant attention to migratory flows in vast areas of the planet and the frequent environmental disasters have turned back the spotlights on the “State of Emergency”. Far beyond the limits in which it was traditionally relegated, “Emergency” paradoxically entered the ordinary public debate, with the effect of a deeply transformation of the political mechanisms and processes of legitimacy. This article aims to reflect on “Emergency” as a normal and normalized instrument of power legitimacy, by linking it with (i) the organicists imaginaries related to the concept of crisis, (ii) the reframing of social problems in terms of security and (iii) the political and legal responses justified with the arguments of urgency, exception and necessity

The Outcome of Technical Intraoperative Complications Occurring in Standard Aortic Endovascular Repair

Background Technical intraoperative complications (TICs) may occur during standard endovascular repair (EVAR) with possible effects on the outcome. This study evaluates the early and midterm effects of TICs on EVARs. Methods All EVARs (from 2012 to 2016) were analyzed to identify all TICs: (1) endoluminal defects (stenosis, dissection, rupture, compression of native arteries, or endograft); (2) type I-III endoleaks; (3) unplanned artery coverage; and (4) surgical access complications. Follow-up was performed by Doppler ultrasound/ontrast enhanced ultrasound/computed tomography scan at yearly intervals. The outcome was compared with that of uneventful cases (UCs) through Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Maier curve. Results TICs occurred in 68 (18%) of 377 patients undergoing EVAR. Thirty-two endoluminal defects were relined endovascularly; 24 type I-III endoleaks were treated with cuff deployment/forced ballooning (23) and surgical conversion (1); 3 of 8 unplanned artery coverages were revascularized (2 renal and 1 hypogastric); 5 hypogastric coverages had an unsuccessful correction; and 4 access artery injuries were repaired. Although fluoroscopy time and contrast usage were significantly higher in the TIC group than those in the UC group (309 cases), 30-day outcome was similar for death (1.4% TIC vs 0% UC, P = 0.18), reintervention (0% TIC vs 0.3% UC, P = 1), type I-III endoleak (0% TIC vs 0.9% UC, P = 1), steno-occlusions (0% TIC vs 0.3% UC, P = 1), buttock claudication, and renal failure (0% in both groups). At 24 months, TIC and UC groups had similar survival (91.7 ± 8% vs 96.2 ± 2.1%, P = 0.5), freedom from reintervention (81.4 ± 9.9% vs 96 ± 2.2%, P = 0.49), overall complication rate (13.4 ± 7.6% vs 11.4 ± 3.5%, P = 0.49), type I-III endoleak (11.2 ± 7.5% vs 7 ± 2.9%, P = 0.8), buttock claudication (0% vs 2 ± 2% P = 0.6), and hemodialysis (0% in both). Midterm iliac leg occlusion was significantly higher in the TIC group (26.9 ± 12.3% vs 3 ± 2.1%, P = 0.01). Conclusion TICs may affect several aspects during EVAR, leading to the necessity of adjunctive maneuvers, which have no impact on early outcome but may cause an increased rate of midterm iliac leg occlusion

The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in an Atypical Case of Oculocutaneous Albinism: A Case Report

Background: Oculocutaneous albinism is a group of autosomal recessive disorders featuring hypopigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes. Ocular signs associated with the disease are nystagmus, decreased visual acuity, hypopigmentation of the retina, foveal hypoplasia, translucency of the iris, macular transparency, photophobia and abnormal decussation of nerve fibers at the chiasm. Case Report: An 8-year-old Caucasian girl presented to our clinic ‘Referral Center for Hereditary Retinopathies’ of the Second University of Naples with a diagnosis of Stargardt disease and a progressive reduction in visual acuity in both eyes. She underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including standard electroretinography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A molecular analysis was also performed. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. Biomicroscopy of the anterior segment revealed a transparent cornea, in situ and transparent lens and normally pigmented iris. A mild diffuse depigmentation and macular dystrophy were observed at fundus examination. Standard electroretinography showed normal scotopic and photopic responses. OCT revealed high reflectivity across the fovea without depression. The typical OCT pattern led us to direct the molecular analysis towards the genes involved in oculocutaneous albinism. The molecular analysis identified mutations in the TYR gene. Conclusion: In this case, the role of OCT was crucial in guiding the molecular analysis for the diagnosis of albinism. OCT is therefore instrumental in similar cases that do not present typical characteristics of a disease. The case also proves the relevance of molecular analysis to confirm clinical diagnoses in hereditary retinal diseases

Fate of target visceral vessels in fenestrated and branched complex endovascular aortic repair

Objective: To assess branch vessel outcomes after endovascular repair of complex aortic aneurysms analyzing possible factors influencing early and long-term results.Methods: The Italian Multicentre Fenestrated and Branched registry enrolled 596 consecutive patients treated with fenestrated and branched endografts for complex aortic disease from January 2008 to December 2019 by four Italian academic centers. The primary end points of the study were technical success (defined as target visceral vessel [TVV] patency and absence of bridging device-related endoleak at final intraoperative control), and freedom from TVV instability (defined as the combined results of type IC/IIIC endoleaks and patency loss) during follow-up. Secondary end points were overall survival and TVV-related reinterventions.Results: We excluded 591 patients (3 patients with a surgical debranching and 2 patients who died before completion from the study cohort) were treated for a total of 1991 visceral vessels targeted by either a directional branch or a fenestration. The overall technical success rate was 98.4%. Failure was related to the use of an off-the-shelf (OTS) device (custom-made device vs OTS, HR, 0.220; P = .007) and a preoperative TVV stenosis of >50% (HR, 12.460; P < .001). The mean follow-up time was 25.1 months (interquartile range, 3-39 months). The overall estimated survival rates were 87%, 77.4%, and 67.8% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively (standard error [SE], 0.015, 0.022, and 0.032). During follow-up, TVV branch instability was observed in 91 vessels (5%): 48 type IC/IIIC endoleaks (2.6%) and 43 stenoses-thromboses (2.4%). The extent of aneurysm disease (thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm [TAAA] types I-III vs TAAA type IV/juxtarenal aortic aneurysm/pararenal aortic aneurysm) was the only independent predictor for developing a TVV-related type IC/IIIC endoleak (HR, 3.899; 95% confidence interval [CI]:, 1.924-7.900; P < .001). Risk of patency loss was independently associated with branch configuration (HR, 8.883; P < .001; 95% CI, 3.750-21.043) and renal arteries (HR, 2.848; P = .030; 95% CI, 1.108-7.319). Estimated rates at 1, 3, and 5 years of freedom from TVV instability and freedom from TVV-related reinter-vention were 96.6%, 93.8%, and 90% (SE, 0.005, 0.007, and 0.014) and 97.4%, 95.0%, and 91.6% (SE, 0.004, 0.007, and 0.013), respectively.Conclusions: Intraoperative failure to bridge a TVV was associated with a preoperative TVV stenosis of >50% and the use of OTS devices. Midterm outcomes were satisfying, with an estimated 5-year freedom from TVV instability and reintervention of 90.0% and 91.6%, respectively. During follow-up, the larger extent of aneurysm disease was associated with an increased risk of TVV-related endoleaks, whereas a branch configuration and renal arteries were more prone to patency loss

Fenestrated and Branched Endografts for Post-Dissection Thoraco-Abdominal Aneurysms: Results of a National Multicentre Study and Literature Review

Objective: Fenestrated and branched endografting (F/B-EVAR) has been proposed as an endovascular solution for chronic post-dissection thoraco-abdominal aneurysms (PD-TAAAs). The aim of this study was to analyse the experience of four high volume centres nationwide and the current available literature. Methods: Data on patients undergoing F/B-EVAR in four Italian academic centres between 2008 and 2019 were collected, and those from patients with PD-TAAAs were analysed retrospectively. Peri-operative morbidity and mortality were assessed as early outcomes. Survival, freedom from re-intervention (FFR), target visceral vessel (TVV) patency, and aortic remodelling were assessed as follow up outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed for studies published from 2008 to 2020 reporting on F/B-EVAR in PD-TAAAs. Results: Among 351 patients who underwent F/B-EVAR for TAAAs, 37 (11%) had PD-TAAAs (Crawford's extent I–III: 35% – 95%). Overall, 135 TVVs (from true lumen 120; false lumen seven; both true and false lumen eight) were accommodated by fenestrations (96% – 71%) and branches (39% – 29%). Technical success (TS) was achieved in 34 (92%) cases with three failures due to endoleaks (Ia: 1; Ic: 1; III: 1). There were no 30 day deaths. No cases of permanent spinal cord ischaemia (SCI) were recorded and six (16%) patients suffered from transient deficits. Renal function worsening (eGFR < 30% than baseline) and pulmonary complications were reported in two (5%) and four (11%) cases, respectively. From the Kaplan–Meier analysis, three year survival, FFR, and TVV patency were 81%, 66%, and 97%, respectively. Radiological imaging was available for 30 (81%) patients at 12 months with complete false lumen thrombosis in 26 (87%). Two hundred and fifty-six patients were reported in seven published papers with TS, 30 day mortality, and SCI ranging from 99% to 100%, 0 to 6%, and 0 to 16%, respectively. The mean follow up ranged from 12 to 26 months, with estimated two year survival between 81% and 90% and a re-intervention rate between 19% and 53%. Conclusion: F/B-EVAR is effective to treat PD-TAAAs. A high re-intervention rate is necessary to complete the aneurysm exclusion and promote aortic remodelling successfully