The effect of non-uniform radiative damping on the zonal-mean dynamics of the extratropical middle atmosphere

The effect of spatial and temporal variations in the radiative damping rate on the response to an imposed forcing or diabatic heating is examined in a zonal-mean model of the middle atmosphere. Attention is restricted to the extratropics, where a linear approach is viable. It is found that regions with weak radiative damping rates are more sensitive in terms of temperature to the remote influence of the diabatic circulation. The delay in the response in such regions can mean that ‘downward’ control is not achieved on seasonal time-scales. A seasonal variation in the radiative damping rate modulates the evolution of the response and leaves a transient-like signature in the annual mean temperature field. Several idealized examples are considered, motivated by topical questions. It is found that wave drag outside the polar vortex can significantly affect the temperatures in its interior, so that high-latitude, high-altitude gravity-wave drag is not the only mechanism for warming the southern hemisphere polar vortex. Diabatic mass transport through the 100 hPa surface is found to lag the seasonal evolution of the wave drag that drives the transport, and thus cannot be considered to be in the downward control regime. On the other hand, the seasonal variation of the radiative damping rate is found to make only a weak contribution to the annual mean temperature increase that has been observed above the ozone hole. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society

Some Molds Associated with Meat in Cold Storage Lockers in Iowa

In the past few years throughout the United States cold storage locker plants have been introduced as a new industry, offering their services to the public as storage depots for perishable foods, particularly meats. The wide-spread popularity of this industry is attested by the existence of approximately two thousand cold storage locker plants in the United States of which two hundred are located in Iowa. Over one hundred of these plants in Iowa were introduced during the past year, and there is every indication that their number win continue to increase

Observations on mold development and on deterioration in stored yellow dent shelled corn

Examinations during 3 consecutive years were made in Iowa for mold development in yellow dent shelled corn stored in steel bins of 1,000-2,740 bushel capacities. The first was made during August and September 1941, the second in March 1942 and the third in April 1943. Different bins were examined in each of the three inspections. Bins reportedly containing some corn of 14 percent or more moisture were examined and probed in the first examination, those with corn of 13.5 percent or more moisture in the second examination; no selection of bins for moisture content was made in the third examination. All of the bins examined had been filled during the fall previous to sampling

Effects of Moisture on the Nutritive Value of Fermented Soybeans for Chick Growth

It is widely recognized that the most important factor in growth of a fermenting organism is the moisture of or relative humidity (RH) surrounding a natural substrate. Mold spores have different minimum water requirements at different temperatures and the presence or absence of nutrients also affects water requirements for growth. Hence, three experiments were designed to investigate the influence of moisture content on the nutritive value of the fermented preparations for chick growth

Studies on the Stimulation of Poultry Growth by Soybeans Molded with Species of Aspergillus

Many workers have reported that cultures of molds grown on feedstuffs produce poisonous metabolites, mycotoxins , which depress growth of farm animals and may cause high mortality

Effect of Fungus-Fermented Soybeans on the Life Cycle Performance of Japanese Quail

Earlier studies at our laboratory have demonstrated that feeding full-fat soybeans fermented by certain Aspergillus cultures resulted in significantly improved broiler growth and feed utilization. In conjunction with these findings, the effect of two Aspergillus species on the life cycle performance of Japanese quail (Cotumix coturnix japanica) has been investigated and will be reported herein

Photometric Solutions for Detached Eclipsing Binaries: selection of ideal distance indicators in the SMC

Detached eclipsing binary stars provide a robust one-step distance determination to nearby galaxies. As a by-product of Galactic microlensing searches, catalogs of thousands of variable stars including eclipsing binaries have been produced by the OGLE, MACHO and EROS collaborations. We present photometric solutions for detached eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) discovered by the OGLE collaboration. The solutions were obtained with an automated version of the Wilson-Devinney program. By fitting mock catalogs of eclipsing binaries we find that the normalized stellar radii (particularly their sum) and the surface brightness ratio are accurately described by the fitted parameters and estimated standard errors, despite various systematic uncertainties. In many cases these parameters are well constrained. In addition we find that systems exhibiting complete eclipses can be reliably identified where the fractional standard errors in the radii are small. We present two quantitatively selected sub-samples of eclipsing binaries that will be excellent distance indicators. These can be used both for computation of the distance to the SMC and to probe its structure. One particularly interesting binary has a very well determined solution, exhibits complete eclipses, and is comprised of well detached G-type, class $II$ giants.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figures. To be published in Ap

Teton Alfalfa, A New Multi-purpose Variety for South Dakota

This bulletin examines the origins, breeding, and other characteristics of teton alfa

Relation of Molds to the Deterioration of Corn in Storage, a Review

The pre-war developments in the growing, harvesting, and marketing of corn in the United States necessitated a carry-over of large corn surpluses from one year to the next as a means of price and supply stabilization. Iowa, alone, had a carry-over of corn greater than all the other corn producing states together. Much of this corn was government owned and stored in large quantities in shelled form for indefinite periods in elevators and specially constructed steel bins. The unprecedented nature of this venture and the likelihood of its return prompted an evaluation of the problems in corn deterioration. The present review attempts to assemble the published information on corn in storage, with special reference to the role that microorganisms, particularly the fungi, may assume in its deterioration

Transport pathways of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from different monsoon systems during the summer monsoon season

The Asian summer monsoon involves complex transport patterns with large-scale redistribution of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). We employ the global chemistry–climate model ECHAM5–HAMMOZ in order to evaluate the transport pathways and the contributions of nitrogen oxide species peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), NO$_{χ}$ and HNO$_{3}$ from various monsoon regions, to the UTLS over southern Asia and vice versa. Simulated long-term seasonal mean mixing ratios are compared with trace gas retrievals from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding aboard ENVISAT(MIPAS-E) and aircraft campaigns during the monsoon season (June–September) in order to evaluate the model’s ability to reproduce these transport patterns. The model simulations show that there are three regions which contribute substantial pollution to the South Asian UTLS: the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), the North American monsoon (NAM) and the West African monsoon (WAM). However, penetration due to ASM convection reaches deeper into the UTLS compared to NAM and WAM outflow. The circulation in all three monsoon regions distributes PAN into the tropical latitude belt in the upper troposphere (UT). Remote transport also occurs in the extratropical UT where westerly winds drive North American and European pollutants eastward where they can become part of the ASM convection and lifted into the lower stratosphere. In the lower stratosphere the injected pollutants are transported westward by easterly winds. Sensitivity experiments with ECHAM5–HAMMOZ for simultaneous NO$_{χ}$ and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emission change (-10 %) over ASM, NAM and WAM confirm similar transport. Our analysis shows that a 10% change in Asian emissions transports ~5–30 ppt of PAN in the UTLS over Asia, ~1–10 ppt of PAN in the UTLS of northern subtropics and mid-latitudes, ~7–10 ppt of HNO$_{3}$ and ~1–2 ppb of ozone in UT over Asia. Comparison of emission change over Asia, North America and Africa shows that the highest transport of HNO$_{3}$ and ozone occurs in the UT over Asia and least over Africa. The intense convective activity in the monsoon regions is associated with lightning and thereby the formation of additional NO$_{χ}$ . This also affects the distribution of PAN in the UTLS. Simulations with and without lightning show an increase in the concentrations of PAN (~40 %), HNO$_{3}$ (75%), NO$_{χ}$ (70 %) and ozone (30 %) over the regions of convective transport. Lightning-induced production of these species is higher over equatorial Africa and America compared to the ASM region. This indicates that the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to PAN in the UTLS over the ASM is higher than that of lightning