Energy spectra of proton and nuclei of primary cosmic rays in energy region 10 TeV/particle

To investigate the chemical composition of primary cosmic rays, several emulsion chambers were exposed at a 10.8 g/sq cm. depth in the stratosphere. Each chamber has the area of 0.92x0.46 sq m. and the depth of 14 c.u. The exposure time of chambers processed by now is 260 hours. The detecting layers were X-ray films and nuclear emulsions, which allowed to measure an energy of cascade and a type of primary particle. Results and techniques are described

Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of two-color XUV-NIR ionization with polarization control

Electron emission caused by extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the presence of a strong near infrared (NIR) field leads to multiphoton interactions that depend on several parameters. Here, a comprehensive study of the influence of the angle between the polarization directions of the NIR and XUV fields on the two-color angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of He and Ne is presented. The resulting photoelectron angular distribution strongly depends on the orientation of the NIR polarization plane with respect to that of the XUV field. The prevailing influence of the intense NIR field over the angular emission characteristics for He(1s) and Ne(2p) ionization lines is shown. The underlying processes are modeled in the frame of the strong field approximation (SFA) which shows very consistent agreement with the experiment reaffirming the power of the SFA for multicolor-multiphoton ionization in this regime

Mechanisms of effect of plastic deformation steel on differential permeability

It is shown that kinks on the hysteresis loop of low-carbon steel St3 after plastic deformation due to the appearance of the grain in the state such as the easy plane. The values of residual stress, determined by the maximum differential permeability on the hysteresis loop. The theoretical model that allows you to find the location of the maximum of the differential permeability of the field at the back of the downward hysteresis loop close to their experimental values .Показано, что перегибы на петлях гистерезиса малоуглеродистой стали Ст3 после ее пластической деформации обусловлены появлением в части зерен состояния типа легкой плоскости. Найдены значения остаточных напряжений, определяющих максимумы дифференциальной проницаемости на петле гистерезиса. Разработана теоретическая модель, позволившая найти местоположения максимумов зависимостей дифференциальной проницаемости от поля на нисходящей спинке петли гистерезиса, близкие к их экспериментальным значениям.Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФАНО России по теме «Диагностика», №01201463329

Emulsion sheet doublets as interface trackers for the OPERA experiment

New methods for efficient and unambiguous interconnection between electronic counters and target units based on nuclear photographic emulsion films have been developed. The application to the OPERA experiment, that aims at detecting oscillations between mu neutrino and tau neutrino in the CNGS neutrino beam, is reported in this paper. In order to reduce background due to latent tracks collected before installation in the detector, on-site large-scale treatments of the emulsions ("refreshing") have been applied. Changeable Sheet (CSd) packages, each made of a doublet of emulsion films, have been designed, assembled and coupled to the OPERA target units ("ECC bricks"). A device has been built to print X-ray spots for accurate interconnection both within the CSd and between the CSd and the related ECC brick. Sample emulsion films have been extensively scanned with state-of-the-art automated optical microscopes. Efficient track-matching and powerful background rejection have been achieved in tests with electronically tagged penetrating muons. Further improvement of in-doublet film alignment was obtained by matching the pattern of low-energy electron tracks. The commissioning of the overall OPERA alignment procedure is in progress.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figure

First events from the CNGS neutrino beam detected in the OPERA experiment

The OPERA neutrino detector at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) was designed to perform the first detection of neutrino oscillations in appearance mode, through the study of nu_mu to nu_tau oscillations. The apparatus consists of a lead/emulsion-film target complemented by electronic detectors. It is placed in the high-energy, long-baseline CERN to LNGS beam (CNGS) 730 km away from the neutrino source. In August 2006 a first run with CNGS neutrinos was successfully conducted. A first sample of neutrino events was collected, statistically consistent with the integrated beam intensity. After a brief description of the beam and of the various sub-detectors, we report on the achievement of this milestone, presenting the first data and some analysis results.Comment: Submitted to the New Journal of Physic

Диагностическая значимость ICG-картирования сторожевых лимфоузлов у больных раком эндометрия I стадии

Background. Lymphatic spread is the main route of metastasis in early stage endometrial cancer. Considering its significance, three risk factors of lymph node metastasis were identified. At a high risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I endometrial cancer, pelvic and lumbar lymph node dissection is recommended. In low-risk patients, lymph node dissection is not performed. Lymph node dissection in medium-risk patients is considered as a staging procedure. However, in patients with aggravating factors that prevent extended hysterectomy, lymph node biopsy with ICG mapping and subsequent microstaging may be an alternative to lymph node dissection. Purpose of the study: to analyze the effectiveness of surgical approaches for staging endometrial cancer at different risk factors for lymphatic metastasis.Material and Methods. The treatment outcomes were retrospectively analyzed in 565 patients with stage I endometrial cancer treated at the gynecological oncology department of Botkin City Clinical Hospital and at the gynecological oncology department of Kaluga Regional Clinical Oncology Center from 2021 to 2023. All women were divided into three groups according to the risk factors of lymph node metastasis. Patients underwent hysterectomy, hysterectomy combined with pelvic or pelvic and lumbar lymphadenectomy, as well as hysterectomy with ICG mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy.Results. A total of 334 endometrial cancer patients underwent surgery at Botkin City Clinical Hospital. In the medium-risk group patients (n=94), who underwent hysterectomy with pelvic (n=36) and pelvic + lumbar lymphadenectomy (n=31), lymph node metastases were detected in 4 (11.1 %) and 6 (19.4 %) patients, respectively. In the high-risk group (n=50) with similar surgeries, metastatic lymph nodes were identified in 2 (10.5 %, n=19) and 6 (26.1 %, n=23) patients, respectively. At Kaluga Regional Oncology Center, 231 patients underwent hysterectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy. The low-risk group, the medium-risk group, and the high-risk group showed lymph node metastases in 7 (5.47 %), 6 (10.2 %), and 6 (13.6 %) patients, respectively.Conclusion. In stage I endometrial cancer patients with a low risk of lymph node metastasis, hysterectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended. For medium-and high-risk groups, hysterectomy with systemic lymphadenectomy is recommended. If it is not possible to remove the pelvic and lumbar lymph nodes, their biopsy with ICG mapping and microstaging can be recommended. A combination of systemic lymphadenectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy is a promising technique that could hypothetically demonstrate better results in terms of disease staging.Введение. Лимфогенный путь метастазирования является преимущественным при начальных стадиях рака эндометрия. Учитывая его значимость, выделены три степени риска лимфогенного метастазирования. При высокой степени риска пациенткам с I стадией заболевания рекомендуется лимфаденэктомия тазовых и поясничных лимфоузлов, при низкой – удаление лимфатических узлов не проводят. Лимфаденэктомию лимфоузлов при промежуточной степени риска метастазирования позиционируют как стадирующую процедуру. Однако при наличии отягощающих факторов, препятствующих проведению расширенной гистерэктомии, альтернативным методом может быть биопсия сторожевых лимфоузлов с ICG-картированием и последующим микростадированием.Цель исследования – проанализировать эффективность хирургических подходов для стадирования рака эндометрия при различных степенях риска лимфогенного метастазирования.Материал и методы. Ретроспективно проанализированы результаты лечения 565 больных раком эндометрия I стадии в онкогинекологическом отделении Городской клинической больницы им. С.П. Боткина и онкогинекологическом отделении Калужского областного клинического онкологического диспансера с 2021 по 2023 г. Все женщины были разделены на три группы в зависимости от степени риска лимфогенного метастазирования. Пациенткам выполнены гистерэктомия, гистерэктомия в сочетании с тазовой или с тазовой и поясничной лимфаденэктомией, а также гистерэктомия с ICG-картированием и биопсией сторожевых лимфоузлов. Результаты. В онкогинекологическом отделении Городской клинической больницы им. С.П. Боткина было прооперировано 334 женщины. У пациенток с промежуточной степенью риска (n=94) после гистерэктомии с тазовой и с тазовой (n=36) и поясничной лимфаденэктомией (n=31) выявлено 4 (11,1 %) и 6 (19,4 %) случаев пораженных лимфоузлов соответственно. В группе высокого риска (n=50) после аналогичных операций патологические лимфоузлы обнаружены у 2 (10,5 %, n=19) и 6 (26,1 %, n=23) пациенток. В Калужском областном диспансере прооперирована 231 пациентка; всем выполнена гистерэктомия с биопсией сторожевых лимфоузлов. При низкой степени риска выявлено 7 (5,47 %) случаев поражения узлов, при промежуточной – 6 (10,2 %), при высокой степени риска метастазирования – 6 (13,6 %) случаев злокачественных клеток в лимфоузлах.Заключение. У больных раком эндометрия I стадии с низкой степенью риска лимфогенного метастазирования целесообразно выполнять гистерэктомию с биопсией сторожевых лимфоузлов. При промежуточной и высокой степени риска рекомендуется гистерэктомия с системной лимфаденэктомией. При отсутствии возможности удаления тазовых и поясничных лимфатических узлов можно рекомендовать их биопсию с ICG-картированием и микростадированием. Перспективным направлением может явиться сочетание системной лимфаденэктомии с биопсией сторожевых лимфоузлов, которые гипотетически могут продемонстрировать лучшие результаты с позиции стадирования заболевания

Study of the effects induced by lead on the emulsion films of the OPERA experiment

The OPERA neutrino oscillation experiment is based on the use of the Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC). In the OPERA ECC, nuclear emulsion films acting as very high precision tracking detectors are interleaved with lead plates providing a massive target for neutrino interactions. We report on studies related to the effects occurring from the contact between emulsion and lead. A low radioactivity lead is required in order to minimize the number of background tracks in emulsions and to achieve the required performance in the reconstruction of neutrino events. It was observed that adding other chemical elements to the lead, in order to improve the mechanical properties, may significantly increase the level of radioactivity on the emulsions. A detailed study was made in order to choose a lead alloy with good mechanical properties and an appropriate packing technique so as to have a low enough effective radioactivity.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure