An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading : Containing a Compendium of the High Court of Chancery, and the Foundation of Its Rules : Together with an Illustration of the Analogy Between Pleadings at Common Law and in Equity

Since the publication in 1823 by Mr. D. G. Lube of his Principles of Equity Pleading that work has been recognized by the profession as a standard treatise upon that subject. The two generations of lawyers and judges who have come and gone since Lube wrote have contributed little to the a~t and science of equity pleading, so that to-day Lube\u27s work is the best in existence. In this edition of the second part of his work the Editor has added little to the text of importance and has omitted substantially nothing. The only object he had in view in preparing this edition was to obtain a text suitable for the use of the student.https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1014/thumbnail.jp

FENOLOGIA DE Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (NYCTAGINACEAE) EM DUAS FITOFISIONOMIAS NO SUL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

LÜBE, Sara Gütler. Fenologia de Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae) em duas fitofisionomias no sul do Espírito Santo. 2015. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Florestais) Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES. Orientador: José Franklim Chichorro. Coorientadora: Sustanis Horn Kunz. O estudo fenológico de uma ou mais espécies florestais é considerado fundamental em qualquer plano de manejo, seja com objetivo de manutenção da vida silvestre, produção de madeira ou colheita de produtos florestais não madeireiros e outros recursos florestais. A Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz, pertencente a família Nyctaginaceae, é uma espécie florestal nativa do Brasil, que ocorre em diversas formações florestais, particularmente no domínio da Mata Atlântica. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a fenologia de Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz, verificar a influência de alguns fatores climáticos nas diferentes fenofases da espécie em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa (FOD) e em um de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) na região sul do Espírito Santo, bem como comparar e relacionar os parâmetros fenológicos das duas áreas. Os dados de floração, frutificação, queda foliar e brotamento foram coletados mensalmente de 36 indivíduos no período entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os métodos do Índice de Atividade e Percentual de Intensidade de Fournier. No período de amostragem foi observada redução de 33% e de 51,5% da precipitação anual para a FOD e FES, respectivamente, quando comparados com o ano anterior ao estudo. O comportamento vegetacional da G. opposita na FOD e na FES não variou muito durante o período de estudo. O índice de atividade dos indivíduos produzindo novas folhas e brotos foliares se mostrou sazonal, com a maior porcentagem de indivíduos ocorrendo entre os meses correspondentes a estação chuvosa e com altas temperaturas. O pico do brotamento foliar ocorreu em janeiro, mês em que houve as mais elevadas temperaturas nas duas áreas. Observou-se alto grau de sincronia para o brotamento foliar na FOD, já a população da FES se mostrou assincrônica. A fenofase de queda foliar da espécie Guapira opposita foi muito discreta, onde apenas 5% dos indivíduos amostrados na FES se manifestaram e, somente na estação chuvosa, sendo considerado como baixo percentual de intensidade para esse fenômeno, podendo-se inferir que a precipitação não foi um fator limitante para a ocorrência da mesma. Já, na FOD não houve manifestação dos indivíduos para a queda foliar no período de amostragem. Por isso a espécie pode ser classificada como perenifólia. Não foram observadas as fenofases reprodutivas para a espécie, fato este que pode estar relacionado com os fatores climáticos, principalmente precipitação. Pode-se concluir que o comportamento vegetacional da espécie Guapira opposita na FOD e na FES teve pequena variação e o déficit hídrico ocorrido no ano da amostragem foi o fator limitante da não ocorrência das fenofases reprodutivas da espécie. Palavras chave: floresta estacional semidecidual, floresta ombrófila densa, eventos fenológicos, fatores climáticos, RPPN Cafundó e Serra do Valentim

Numerische Simulation des stationären 2D- und 3D-Wärme- und Stofftransports mittels Stromliniendiffusion - FEM

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Numerical Modeling of a Granular Collapse Immersed in a Viscous Fluid

The three-dimensional unsteady collapse of the granular column in a viscous fluid has been investigated with an IBM/DEM approach. Present numerical simulations allow one to confirm quantitatively several experimental observations of Rondon et al. regarding morphology, characteristic sizes of granular deposits and the basal pressure below the column. In the presented simulations, the collapse dynamics is controlled by the viscous time Tv. To our knowledge, a numerical approach, e.g. the IBM/DEM method, is able for the first time to capture the pore pressure feedback phenomenon in flowing fluid-grains mixture. The effect of the initial packing fraction has a great influence of the dynamics of granular collapse in the simulation results as in the experiments of Rondon et al. Furthermore, the IBM/DEM permits to investigate the inner state of the granular column during the collapse, in particular, the evolution of the pressure field inside the granular column can be analyzed which is difficult to do in experiments. Simulations of the collapse of a granular column immersed in a fluid can be performed in the inertial and free-fall regimes as well varying the nature of the fluid and/or the particles

The influence of localised size reorganisation on short-duration bidispersed granular flows

We investigate experimentally the runout resulting from the collapse of a granular column containing two particle species that differ in size only. The experimental configuration is strictly twodimensional (only one particle per width of the experimental tank) and we explore both the role of the initial arrangement and proportion of the two particle sizes in the column, using high-speed videography, and by determining the centres of mass of the big and small particles in the initial column and the final deposit. The duration of the experiment is sufficiently short that large-scale segregation does not occur, however, we find a clear dependence of runout on both initial mixture arrangement and proportion for all conditions. We investigated this observation through detailed analysis of the flow front motion, and identify a characteristic "stopping" phase when dissipation dominates, and we apply a shallow layer model at the flow front to show how the initial mixture arrangement and proportion influence the effective coefficient of friction during emplacement. We find that a bidispersed mixture can induce a larger friction on emplacement than a monodispersed mixture, and the highest coefficient of friction was found for a well-mixed initial arrangement of particles at the proportion that shows maximum horizontal spreading of the flow. These observations suggest that downwards percolation of fine particles takes place at the front of the collapsing column, and so localised size segregation processes at the flow front can control flow mobility. This effect is likely to be important in controlling the mobility of large geophysical flows that occur on finite time scales, and whose deposits typically show granular segregation at the front and edges but not throughout the entire deposit

The Effort of Increasing Reynolds Number in Projection-Based Reduced Order Methods: From Laminar to Turbulent Flows

We present in this double contribution two different reduced order strategies for incompressible parameterized Navier-Stokes equations characterized by varying Reynolds numbers. The first strategy deals with low Reynolds number (laminar flow) and is based on a stabilized finite element method during the offline stage followed by a Galerkin projection on reduced basis spaces generated by a greedy algorithm. The second methodology is based on a full order finite volume discretization. The latter methodology will be used for flows with moderate to high Reynolds number characterized by turbulent patterns. For the treatment of the mentioned turbulent flows at the reduced order level, a new POD-Galerkin approach is proposed. The new approach takes into consideration the contribution of the eddy viscosity also during the online stage and is based on the use of interpolation. The two methodologies are tested on classic benchmark test cases

Experimental study of dense pyroclastic density currents using sustained, gas-fluidized granular flows

© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. We present the results of laboratory experiments on the behaviour of sustained, dense granular flows in a horizontal flume, in which high-gas pore pressure was maintained throughout the flow duration by continuous injection of gas through the flume base. The flows were fed by a sustained (0.5–30 s) supply of fine (75 ± 15 μm) particles from a hopper; the falling particles impacted an impingement surface at concentrations of ~3 to 45 %, where they densified rapidly to generate horizontally moving, dense granular flows. When the gas supplied through the flume base was below the minimum fluidization velocity of the particles (i.e. aerated flow conditions), three flow phases were identified: (i) an initial dilute spray of particles travelling at 1–2 m s−1, followed by (ii) a dense granular flow travelling at 0.5–1 m s−1, then by (iii) sustained aggradation of the deposit by a prolonged succession of thin flow pulses. The maximum runout of the phase 2 flow was linearly dependent on the initial mass flux, and the frontal velocity had a square-root dependence on mass flux. The frontal propagation speed during phase 3 had a linear relationship with mass flux. The total mass of particles released had no significant control on either flow velocity or runout in any of the phases. High-frequency flow unsteadiness during phase 3 generated deposit architectures with progradational and retrogradational packages and multiple internal erosive contacts. When the gas supplied through the flume base was equal to the minimum fluidization velocity of the particles (i.e. fluidized flow conditions), the flows remained within phase 2 for their entire runout, no deposit formed and the particles ran off the end of the flume. Sustained granular flows differ significantly from instantaneous flows generated by lock-exchange mechanisms, in that the sustained flows generate (by prolonged progressive aggradation) deposits that are much thicker than the flowing layer of particles at any given moment. The experiments offer a first attempt to investigate the physics of the sustained pyroclastic flows that generate thick, voluminous ignimbrites