3,113 research outputs found
Испытание изоляции вакуумного выключателя на трекингостойкость
Выпускная квалификационная работа содержит 146 с., 45 рисунков, 17 таблиц, 36 источников, 7 приложений.
Ключевые слова: трекингостойкость, полиэтилен, стеклотекстолит, полистирол, оргстекло, винипласт, фторопласт, фарфор
Объектом исследования являются электроизоляционные материалы подверженные трекингом.
Цель работы – определение трекингостойкости различных электроизоляционных материалов.
В процессе работы проводились экспериментальные испытания на трекингостойкость различных электроизоляционных материалов, согласно ГОСТ 27473.
В результате выполнения работы была сконструирована установка для проведения испытаний на трекингостойкость, проведены эксперименты по определению трекингостойкости, оргстекла, фторопласта-4, фарфора, твердого поливинилхлорида ПВХ, полиэтилена низкого давления.Finale qualifiziert Arbeit enthält 146 p . , 45 Abbildungen, Tabellen 17, 36 Quellen 7-Anwendungen .
Stichwort: -verfolgung , Polyethylen, Glasfaser , Polystyrol, Acryl, Vinyl -Liner , Teflon, Porzellan
Die Aufgabe der Studie sind Isoliermaterialien anfällig für Verfolgung.
Ziel - Definieren Verfolgung verschiedenen Dämmstoffen .
In dem Prozess , ein Pilottest- Tracking von verschiedenen elektrischen Isoliermaterialien nach GOST 27473. der Durchführung Als ein Ergebnis der Arbeit für die Installation der on- Tracking- Tests entwickelt wurde, durchgeführten Experimente zu bestimmen -tracking , Plexiglas, PTFE -4 , Porzellan, aus Hart-Polyvinylchlorid PVC , HDPE, eine vergleichende Analyse von Dämmstoffen -tracking
Investigation of the Influence of Plastic Evaporation on Pressure Rise due to Fault Arcs in Electrical Installations
Internal arcs in electrical installations cause a sudden pressure rise due to heating of the gas surroundingthe arc. The pressure rise may endanger personnel, the electrical installation and even the switchgearbuilding. Based on the need to design switchgear more compact, plastic materials are used. The interactionof the arc with these materials releases gases by evaporation and thereby influences the pressure risewithin the installation as well as the energy balance of the arc. In order to analyse these effects in detail,some commonly used plastics are exposed to a high current arc. In this contribution the pressure developmentin a closed vessel equipped with different plastic materials, their mass losses and the portion ofelectrical energy causing overpressure, known as thermal transfer coefficient or kp–factor, are determinedat three values of the filling pressure of the vessel. The plastic materials under investigation are epoxy,polyamide 6.6, polybutyleneterephtalate, polycarbonate and silicone rubber. With the information provided,the influence of the different plastics on pressure development can be predicted
Plant biomass nitrogen and effects on the risk of nitrate leaching of intercrops under organic farming in Eastern Austria
Data on the potential of intercrops to reduce soil nitrate contents, on their N accumulation and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) are lacking for organic farming in the dry, pannonic region of Eastern Austria. The effect of legumes, non-legumes, and legumes + non-legumes used as intercrops on inorganic soil nitrogen, crop yield and biomass N, and BNF were tested in comparison to bare fallow. Non-legumes and legumes + non-legumes were more efficient than legumes in reducing inorganic soil N contents in autumn and nitrate contents in soil solution from the subsoil in winter. This reduction in inorganic soil N did not last until March of the following year due to an N mineralisation from the mulch. The legume + non-legume mixture contained a larger amount of crop N than both legumes and non-legumes. This was due to the combined effect of soil-N uptake by the non-legumes and BNF by the legumes in the mixture
Swift J053041.9-665426, a new Be/X-ray binary pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud
We observed the newly discovered X-ray source Swift J053041.9-665426 in the
X-ray and optical regime to confirm its proposed nature as a high mass X-ray
binary. We obtained XMM-Newton and Swift X-ray data, along with optical
observations with the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph, to investigate the
spectral and temporal characteristics of Swift J053041.9-665426. The XMM-Newton
data show coherent X-ray pulsations with a period of 28.77521(10) s (1 sigma).
The X-ray spectrum can be modelled by an absorbed power law with photon index
within the range 0.76 to 0.87. The addition of a black body component increases
the quality of the fit but also leads to strong dependences of the photon
index, black-body temperature and absorption column density. We identified the
only optical counterpart within the error circle of XMM-Newton at an angular
distance of ~0.8 arcsec, which is 2MASS J05304215-6654303. We performed optical
spectroscopy from which we classify the companion as a B0-1.5Ve star. The X-ray
pulsations and long-term variability, as well as the properties of the optical
counterpart, confirm that Swift J053041.9-665426 is a new Be/X-ray binary
pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&
X-ray monitoring of classical novae in the central region of M31. III. Autumn and winter 2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12
[Abridged] Classical novae (CNe) represent the major class of supersoft X-ray
sources (SSSs) in the central region of our neighbouring galaxy M31. We
performed a dedicated monitoring of the M31 central region, aimed to detect SSS
counterparts of CNe, with XMM-Newton and Chandra between Nov and Mar of the
years 2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12. In total we detected 24 novae in X-rays.
Seven of these sources were known from previous observations, including the M31
nova with the longest SSS phase, M31N~1996-08b, which was found to fade below
our X-ray detection limit 13.8 yr after outburst. Of the new discoveries
several novae exhibit significant variability in their short-term X-ray light
curves with one object showing a suspected period of about 1.3 h. We studied
the SSS state of the most recent outburst of a recurrent nova which had
previously shown the shortest time ever observed between two outbursts (about 5
yr). The total number of M31 novae with X-ray counterpart was increased to 79
and we subjected this extended catalogue to detailed statistical studies. Four
previously indicated correlations between optical and X-ray parameters could be
confirmed and improved. We found indications that the multi-dimensional
parameter space of nova properties might be dominated by a single physical
parameter. We discuss evidence for a different X-ray behaviour of novae in the
M31 bulge and disk. Exploration of the multi-wavelength parameter space of
optical and X-ray measurements is shown to be a powerful tool for examining
properties of extragalactic nova populations. While there are hints that the
different stellar populations of M31 (bulge vs disk) produce dissimilar nova
outbursts, there is also growing evidence that the overall behaviour of an
average nova might be understood in surprisingly simple terms.Comment: 39 pages (half of them for 9 tables), 14 figures, accepted for
publication in A&A; updated after language editing stag
Recent discoveries of supersoft X-ray sources in M 31
Classical novae (CNe) have recently been reported to represent the major
class of supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) in the central area of our neighbouring
galaxy M 31. This paper presents a review of results from recent X-ray
observations of M 31 with XMM-Newton and Chandra. We carried out a dedicated
optical and X-ray monitoring program of CNe and SSSs in the central area of M
31. We discovered the first SSSs in M 31 globular clusters (GCs) and their
connection to the very first discovered CN in a M 31 GC. This result may have
an impact on the CN rate in GCs. Furthermore, in our optical and X-ray
monitoring data we discovered the CN M31N 2007-11a, which shows a very short
SSS phase of 29 - 52 days. Short SSS states (durations < 100 days) of CNe
indicate massive white dwarfs (WDs) that are candidate progenitors of
supernovae type Ia. In the case of M31N 2007-11a, the optical and X-ray light
curves suggest a binary containing a WD with M_WD > 1.0 M_sun. Finally, we
present the discovery of the SSS counterpart of the CN M31N 2006-04a. The X-ray
light curve of M31N 2006-04a shows short-time variability, which might indicate
an orbital period of about 2 hours.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure; Proc. of workshop "Supersoft X-ray Sources - New
Developments", ESAC, May 2009; accepted for publication in Astronomische
Nachrichte
Step by step capping and strain state of GaN/AlN quantum dots studied by grazing incidence diffraction anomalous fine structure
The investigation of small size embedded nanostructures, by a combination of
complementary anomalous diffraction techniques, is reported. GaN Quantum Dots
(QDs), grown by molecular beam epitaxy in a modified Stranski-Krastanow mode,
are studied in terms of strain and local environment, as a function of the AlN
cap layer thickness, by means of grazing incidence anomalous diffraction. That
is, the X-ray photons energy is tuned across the Ga absorption K-edge which
makes diffraction chemically selective. Measurement of \textit{hkl}-scans,
close to the AlN (30-30) Bragg reflection, at several energies across the Ga
K-edge, allows the extraction of the Ga partial structure factor, from which
the in-plane strain of GaN QDs is deduced. From the fixed-Q energy-dependent
diffracted intensity spectra, measured for diffraction-selected iso-strain
regions corresponding to the average in-plane strain state of the QDs,
quantitative information regarding composition and the out-of-plane strain has
been obtained. We recover the in-plane and out-of-plane strains in the dots.
The comparison to the biaxial elastic strain in a pseudomorphic layer indicates
a tendency to an over-strained regime.Comment: submitted to PR
AGN behind the SMC selected from radio and X-ray surveys
The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) revealed 3053 X-ray
sources with the majority expected to be active galactic nuclei (AGN) behind
the SMC. However, the high stellar density in this field often does not allow
assigning unique optical counterparts and hinders source classification. On the
other hand, the association of X-ray point sources with radio emission can be
used to select background AGN with high confidence, and to constrain other
object classes like pulsar wind nebula. To classify X-ray and radio sources, we
use clear correlations of X-ray sources found in the XMM-Newton survey with
radio-continuum sources detected with ATCA and MOST. Deep radio-continuum
images were searched for correlations with X-ray sources of the XMM-Newton
SMC-survey point-source catalogue as well as galaxy clusters seen with extended
X-ray emission. Eighty eight discrete radio sources were found in common with
the X-ray point-source catalogue in addition to six correlations with extended
X-ray sources. One source is identified as a Galactic star and eight as
galaxies. Eight radio sources likely originate in AGN that are associated with
clusters of galaxies seen in X-rays. One source is a PWN candidate. We obtain
43 new candidates for background sources located behind the SMC. A total of 24
X-ray sources show jet-like radio structures.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&
A 15.65 solar mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy Messier 33
Stellar-mass black holes are discovered in X-ray emitting binary systems,
where their mass can be determined from the dynamics of their companion stars.
Models of stellar evolution have difficulty producing black holes in close
binaries with masses >10 solar masses, which is consistent with the fact that
the most massive stellar black holes known so all have masses within 1 sigma of
10 solar masses. Here we report a mass of 15.65 +/- 1.45 solar masses for the
black hole in the recently discovered system M33 X-7, which is located in the
nearby galaxy Messier 33 (M33) and is the only known black hole that is in an
eclipsing binary. In order to produce such a massive black hole, the progenitor
star must have retained much of its outer envelope until after helium fusion in
the core was completed. On the other hand, in order for the black hole to be in
its present 3.45 day orbit about its 70.0 +/- 6.9 solar mass companion, there
must have been a ``common envelope'' phase of evolution in which a significant
amount of mass was lost from the system. We find the common envelope phase
could not have occured in M33 X-7 unless the amount of mass lost from the
progenitor during its evolution was an order of magnitude less than what is
usually assumed in evolutionary models of massive stars.Comment: To appear in Nature October 18, 2007. Four figures (one color figure
degraded). Differs slightly from published version. Supplementary Information
follows in a separate postin
The population of X-ray supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
We present a comprehensive X-ray study of the population of supernova
remnants (SNRs) in the LMC. Using primarily XMM-Newton, we conduct a systematic
spectral analysis of LMC SNRs to gain new insights on their evolution and the
interplay with their host galaxy. We combined all the archival XMM observations
of the LMC with those of our Very Large Programme survey. We produced X-ray
images and spectra of 51 SNRs, out of a list of 59. Using a careful modelling
of the background, we consistently analysed all the X-ray spectra and measure
temperatures, luminosities, and chemical compositions. We investigated the
spatial distribution of SNRs in the LMC and the connection with their
environment, characterised by various SFHs. We tentatively typed all LMC SNRs
to constrain the ratio of core-collapse to type Ia SN rates in the LMC. We
compared the X-ray-derived column densities to HI maps to probe the
three-dimensional structure of the LMC. This work provides the first
homogeneous catalogue of X-ray spectral properties of LMC SNRs. It offers a
complete census of LMC SNRs exhibiting Fe K lines (13% of the sample), or
revealing contribution from hot SN ejecta (39%). Abundances in the LMC ISM are
found to be 0.2-0.5 solar, with a lower [/Fe] than in the Milky Way.
The ratio of CC/type Ia SN in the LMC is , lower than in local SN surveys and galaxy clusters.
Comparison of X-ray luminosity functions of SNRs in Local Group galaxies
reveals an intriguing excess of bright objects in the LMC. We confirm that 30
Doradus and the LMC Bar are offset from the main disc of the LMC, to the far
and near sides, respectively. (abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 54 pages, 18
figures, 12 tables. The resolution of the figures has been reduced compared
to the journal version; v2: New title, minor text edits; v3: Correct version
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