Immigration and the Occupational Choice of Natives: a Factor Proportions Approach

This paper evaluates the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives in France over the period 1962-1999. Combining large (up to 25%) extracts from six censuses and data from Labor Force Surveys, we exploit the variation in the immigrant share across education/experience cells and over time to identify the impact of immigration. In the Borjas (2003) specification, we find that a 10% increase in immigration increases native wages by 3%. However, as the number of immigrants and the number of natives are positively and strongly correlated across cells, the immigrant share may not be a good measure of the immigration shock. When the log of natives and the log of immigrants are used as regressors instead, the impact of immigration on natives’ wages is still positive but much smaller, and natives’ wages are negatively related to the number of natives. To understand this asymmetry and the positive impact of immigration on wages, we explore the link between immigration and the occupational distribution of natives within education/experience cells. Our results suggest that immigration leads to the reallocation of natives to better-paid occupations within education/experience cells.Immigration, Impact, France.

The Impact of Immigration on the Local Labor Market Outcomes of Blue Collar Workers: Panel Data Evidence

Using a large administrative French panel data set for 1976-2007, we examine how low- educated immigration affects the wages, employment, occupations and locations of blue-collar native workers. The natives in the sample are initially in occupations heterogeneous in the presence of immigrants, which might reflect a different degree of competition with low-educated immigrants. We first show that larger immigration inflows into locations are accompanied by larger outflows of negatively selected natives from these locations. At the same time, larger immigrant inflows into occupations come with larger outflows of positively selected natives towards occupations with less routine tasks. While we find no negative impact on employment, there is substantial evidence that immigration lowers the median annual wages of natives. The estimated negative effects are also much larger in cross-section than in estimates controlling for composition effect, which is consistent with the idea that endogenous changes in occupation and location attenuate the impact of immigration on natives’ wages. We also find much larger wage decreases for workers initially in non-tradable sectors and more particularly in the construction sector, which are much less likely to upgrade their occupation or change location in response to immigration inflows

The abundance of Bullet-groups in LCDM

We estimate the expected distribution of displacements between the two dominant dark matter (DM) peaks (DM-DM displacements) and between DM and gaseous baryon peak (DM-gas displacements) in dark matter halos with masses larger than $10^{13}$ Msun/h. We use as a benchmark the observation of SL2S J08544-0121, which is the lowest mass system ($1.0\times 10^{14}$ Msun/h) observed so far featuring a bi-modal dark matter distribution with a dislocated gas component. We find that $(50 \pm 10)$% of the dark matter halos with circular velocities in the range 300 km/s to 700 km/s (groups) show DM-DM displacements equal or larger than $186 \pm 30$ kpc/h as observed in SL2S J08544-0121. For dark matter halos with circular velocities larger than 700 km/s (clusters) this fraction rises to 70 $\pm$ 10%. Using the same simulation we estimate the DM-gas displacements and find that 0.1 to 1.0% of the groups should present separations equal or larger than $87\pm 14$kpc/h corresponding to our observational benchmark; for clusters this fraction rises to (7 $\pm$ 3)%, consistent with previous studies of dark matter to baryon separations. Considering both constraints on the DM-DM and DM-gas displacements we find that the number density of groups similar to SL2S J08544-0121 is $\sim 6.0\times 10^{-7}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, three times larger than the estimated value for clusters. These results open up the possibility for a new statistical test of LCDM by looking for DM-gas displacements in low mass clusters and groups.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Moving up or down? Immigration and the selection of natives across occupations and locations

Exploiting a large French panel for 1976-2007, we examine the impact of low-educated immigration on the labour market outcomes of blue-collar natives initially in jobs where immigrants became overrepresented in the last decades. Immigrant inflows generate substantial reallocations of natives across locations and occupations. Location movers are negatively selected while occupation movers are positively selected and move towards better paid-jobs characterised by less routine tasks. As a result, controlling for composition effects has an important quantitative impact on the estimated effects of immigration. Low-educated immigration generally lowers the wages of blue-collar workers, but its impact is heterogeneous across sectors

The Effect of the Minimum Wage on the Average Wage in France (in French)

This study investigates the impact of minimum wage (SMIC) increases on the average wage in France. We use two series of average wage: the average hourly blue-collar wage rate (SHBO) and the average wage per capita (SMPT). We combine these series with aggregate data for the overall economy over four decades from 1970 to 2009, going from the SMIC first implementation (in 1970) to the change in the annual calendar of mandatory increases (in 2009) from the 1st of July to the 1st of January by the law of the 3rd December 2008. We provide three original contributions with respect to the existing literature. First, our study is based on data from a much longer period of time which gives us more information. Second, the models we estimate allow for a very gradual impact of the minimum wage on the average wage, while previous studies often assumed only an immediate impact. Third, we differentiate the impact of minimum wage increases on the average wage by distinguishing between the effects of each of the three sources of increase. Our results confirm the advantages of this approach. Because of the discretionary increases of the minimum wage from the government (the so-called “coup de pouces”), the minimum wage increased more rapidly than the average wage over the period 1970-2009. Our estimates suggest that the impact on the average wage of minimum wage increases is strong. This impact is larger than in previous studies because our models take into account the existence of dynamic diffusion effects. Finally, minimum wage increases related to the legal indexation to half of the increase in the purchasing power of the SHBO have a large effect on the SHBO itself. This result suggests that a feedback effect between the minimum wage and the SHBO is possible and could trigger the dynamics between these series. As a consequence of the legal system of revaluation of the minimum wage and of the impact of these increases on the average wage, France is probably one of the industrialized countries where competitiveness is the most threatened by inflation volatility.Minimum Wage, Average Wage, France.

SARCS strong lensing galaxy groups: I - optical, weak lensing, and scaling laws

We present the weak lensing and optical analysis of the SL2S-ARCS (SARCS) sample of strong lens candidates. The sample is based on the Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S), a systematic search of strong lensing systems in the photometric Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS). The SARCS sample focuses on arc-like features and is designed to contain mostly galaxy groups. We briefly present the weak lensing methodology that we use to estimate the mass of the SARCS objects. Among 126 candidates, we obtain a weak lensing detection for 89 objects with velocity dispersions of the Singular Isothermal Sphere mass model ranging from 350 to 1000 km/s with an average value of 600km/s, corresponding to a rich galaxy group (or poor cluster). From the galaxies belonging to the bright end of the group's red sequence (M_i<-21), we derive the optical properties of the SARCS candidates. We obtain typical richnesses of N=5-15 galaxies and optical luminosities of L=0.5-1.5e+12 Lsol (within a radius of 0.5 Mpc). We use these galaxies to compute luminosity density maps, from which a morphological classification reveals that a large fraction of the sample are groups with a complex light distribution, either elliptical or multimodal, suggesting that these objects are dynamically young structures. We finally combine the lensing and optical analyses to draw a sample of 80 most secure group candidates, i.e. weak lensing detection and over-density at the lens position in the luminosity map, to remove false detections and galaxy-scale systems from the initial sample. We use this reduced sample to probe the optical scaling relations in combination with a sample of massive galaxy clusters. We detect the expected correlations over the probed range in mass with a typical scatter of 25% in the SIS velocity dispersion at a given richness or luminosity, making these scaling laws interesting mass proxie

Comparison of price between a healthy and unhealthy diet in the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Indexación: Scopus; Scielo.Obesity remains a serious public health problem worldwide and in Latin America. The implementation of dietary guidelines is a strategy used in Chile and other Latin-American countries to promote healthy eating habits. Evidence from studies in US and Europe suggests that healthy eating patterns have a higher price compared to unhealthy food options. However, this has not been evaluated in Chile. Our goal was to compare the price and relation to energetic density of a healthy diet (HD) that follows the Chilean dietary with an unhealthy diet (UD) in the Metropolitan Region (MR), the most densely populated demographical division in Chile. The HD was obtained from the publication "Cocinasaludable: comoincluir 5 porciones de frutas y verduras por dia", a book of recipessponsored by theChilean governmentto promote intake of fruits and vegetables that fulfills the Chilean dietary guidelines. The UD was obtained by replacing recipesand food items from the DS with processed foods and recipes typically consumed in Chile. The price database was compiled from databases of the Chilean Government and on-line retailers at MR. The UD has higher energy density, has higher energy from fats and a lower healthy eating index compared with the HD. Price analysis indicated an inverse relation between caloric density and price for food groups and that the UD has an overall lower price compared to the HD. Our results suggest that the higher price of a HD in compliance with the Chilean dietary guidelines could hinder their implementation in the MR, and the transition towards healthy eating habits among its population.http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-0622201600040000

Desarrollo de una Plataforma Web para la Oferta y Calificación del Teletrabajo

158 p.Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación ofrecen diversas oportunidades, entre ellas el trabajo a distancia denominado teletrabajo. En países desarrollados existen plataformas para la oferta y desarrollo de proyectos a distancia, en las cuales los teletrabajadores puede postular a un sin número de proyectos para luego desarrollarlos completamente desde la comodidad de su hogar. Este nuevo enfoque laboral en Chile está surgiendo desde hace algunos años con iniciativas apoyadas por universidades y empresas, sin embargo, aún no hay soluciones locales ajustadas al mercado. En el presente proyecto he realizado un análisis de entorno, con el objetivo de comprender el ecosistema de los teletrabajadores y a partir de los antecedentes recopilados definí los requerimientos prioritarios que constituyen el núcleo del sistema,luego diseñé una solución usando el patrón modelo vista controlador (MVC)y finalmente desarrollé una solución de Software completamente funcional, apoyado en la fase de codificación por la metodología Test Driven Development (TDD). El producto fue liberado de forma incremental y paso por evaluación de terceros con exitosos resultados.Palabras Claves: Teletrabajo, Freelancer, Test Driven Development, TDD, Desarrollo de Software

Main Polar Metabolites from Leaves of the Native Andean Species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae)

The ethanolic extract of Jungia rugosa Less, a popular Andean species belonging to the family Asteraceae, was characterized chemically. The extract was deprived of chlorophyll by solid-phase extraction, using Diaion Hp-20 resin as solid phase, and eluting with a mixture of EtOH/H2O according to a decreasing polarity gradient. The chlorophyll-free extract was then repeatedly fractionated by open column chromatography in normal phase and preparative thin layer chromatography. Two main metabolites were finally purified and identified through structure elucidation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were the 2 techniques used for analysis. The identified metabolites were coumarins: (1) umbelliferone and (2) coumarin-5- methyl-4α-glucoside. Compound 1 is known in the literature for having anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, and antitumor activities. Compound 2 has not been described before for this botanical genus and its pharmacological effects are still uninvestigated. Keywords: Jungia rugosa, umbelliferone, coumarin-5-methyl-4-glucoside, NMR, ESI-MS, Ecuador. Resumen Se caracterizó químicamente el extracto etanólico de Jungia rugosa Less, una popular especie andina perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae. Se eliminó las clorofilas al extracto mediante extracción en fase sólida, utilizando como fase sólida resina de Diaion Hp-20 y eluyendo con una mezcla de EtOH/H2O según un gradiente de polaridad decreciente. El extracto libre de clorofila se fraccionó repetidamente mediante cromatografía en columna abierta en fase normal y cromatografía en capa fina preparativa. Finalmente, se purificaron e identificaron dos metabolitos principales mediante la elucidación de la estructura. Se utilizaron espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y espectrometría de masas de ionización por aspersión de electrones (ESI-MS). Los metabolitos identificados fueron las cumarinas: umbeliferona (1) y cumarina-5-metil-4α-glucósido (2). El compuesto 1 es conocido en la literatura por tener actividad antiinflamatoria, antihiperglucémica y antitumoral. El compuesto 2 no se ha descrito antes para este género botánico y sus efectos farmacológicos aún no se han investigado. Palabras Clave: Jungia rugosa, umbeliferona, cumarina-5-metil-4-glucósido, RMN, ESI-MS, Ecuador