Creating an artificial wine taster: Inferring the influence of must and yeast from the aroma profile of wines using artificial intelligence

The human brain is able to compute information from very complex olfactorical impressions. The special pattern of the concentrations of hundreds of aroma constituents allows an experienced wine taster to determine special features of the wine, for instance grape variety or vintage.Artificial Neural Networks are often used to recognize shapes and patterns like faces or finger prints. Here we use Artificial Neural Networks to mimic the abilities of a wine taster to deal with very complex olfactorical patterns. We produced 120 unique wines combining twelve different grape musts and ten yeast strains and determined the aroma profile (83 aroma constituents) of all wines. We analyzed the ability of a well trained neural network to recognize the used must variety and the fermenting yeast strain from unknown aroma profiles. Furthermore we investigated the capability to predict the aroma profile of a wine with a must variety/yeast strain combination that is new to the neural network.In 96 % of all trials the neural network identified the must that was used for wine production correctly (expected random propability: 8 %). An accurate identification of the yeast strain, used for fermentation, occurred in 67 % of all trials (propability by chance: 10 %).The aroma profiles of the must/yeast combinations new to the neural network were forecasted with a divergence of only 2.1 % compared to the actual wine of this production characterization. Thus we conclude that a comprehensive description of wines using neural networks is possible.

Genetic variability and incidence of systemic diseases in wild vines (Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris) along the Danube

In the riparian woods of Danube and March east of Vienna 87 wild specimens of Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris were genetically analysed and compared. The silvestris population can be split into 6 distinct groups, but this clustering cannot be explained solely by the geographical distance. The unique genetic variability observed represents a strong case for preservation of wild grapevines.The incidence of bacterioses, viroses and nematodes transmitting nepoviruses to these vines were registered. None of the analysed specimens suffered from Agrobacterium vitis-induced crown gall. Only some vines were infected by viral pathogens such as GLRaV I and SLRV. Thus the wild vines do not constitute a risk for the surrounding commercial vineyards. On the other hand, diseases spread from cultivated grapevines may seriously harm the wild vine population. Four species of nematodes transmitting nepoviruses were registered. Samples of Xiphinema vuittenezi and Longidorus attenuatus from the Lobau (natural forests, north of the Danube in the area of Vienna) differ morphometrically from others found on arable soils or isolated from the research area.

Scaling properties of cavity-enhanced atom cooling

We extend an earlier semiclassical model to describe the dissipative motion of N atoms coupled to M modes inside a coherently driven high-finesse cavity. The description includes momentum diffusion via spontaneous emission and cavity decay. Simple analytical formulas for the steady-state temperature and the cooling time for a single atom are derived and show surprisingly good agreement with direct stochastic simulations of the semiclassical equations for N atoms with properly scaled parameters. A thorough comparison with standard free-space Doppler cooling is performed and yields a lower temperature and a cooling time enhancement by a factor of M times the square of the ratio of the atom-field coupling constant to the cavity decay rate. Finally it is shown that laser cooling with negligible spontaneous emission should indeed be possible, especially for relatively light particles in a strongly coupled field configuration.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Ultra-cold atoms in an optical cavity: two-mode laser locking to the cavity avoiding radiation pressure

The combination of ultra-cold atomic clouds with the light fields of optical cavities provides a powerful model system for the development of new types of laser cooling and for studying cooperative phenomena. These experiments critically depend on the precise tuning of an incident pump laser with respect to a cavity resonance. Here, we present a simple and reliable experimental tuning scheme based on a two-mode laser spectrometer. The scheme uses a first laser for probing higher-order transversal modes of the cavity having an intensity minimum near the cavity's optical axis, where the atoms are confined by a magnetic trap. In this way the cavity resonance is observed without exposing the atoms to unwanted radiation pressure. A second laser, which is phase-locked to the first one and tuned close to a fundamental cavity mode drives the coherent atom-field dynamics.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Restricted sum formula of alternating Euler sums

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Collective Sideband Cooling in an Optical Ring Cavity

We propose a cavity based laser cooling and trapping scheme, providing tight confinement and cooling to very low temperatures, without degradation at high particle densities. A bidirectionally pumped ring cavity builds up a resonantly enhanced optical standing wave which acts to confine polarizable particles in deep potential wells. The particle localization yields a coupling of the degenerate travelling wave modes via coherent photon redistribution. This induces a splitting of the cavity resonances with a high frequency component, that is tuned to the anti-Stokes Raman sideband of the particles oscillating in the potential wells, yielding cooling due to excess anti-Stokes scattering. Tight confinement in the optical lattice together with the prediction, that more than 50% of the trapped particles can be cooled into the motional ground state, promise high phase space densities.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Cold atoms in a high-Q ring-cavity

We report the confinement of large clouds of ultra-cold 85-Rb atoms in a standing-wave dipole trap formed by the two counter-propagating modes of a high-Q ring-cavity. Studying the properties of this trap we demonstrate loading of higher-order transverse cavity modes and excite recoil-induced resonances.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Verhaltensökonomische Maßnahmen für mehr Sauberkeit im Gemeindebau

Müll und Verschmutzung reduzieren das Wohlbefinden und die Zufriedenheit von Gemeindebau-BewohnerInnen. Verhaltensökonomische Ansätze „stupsen“ erwünschte Verhaltensweisen sanft an und können, potenziell kostengünstig, Sauberkeit und damit die Lebensqualität der Menschen erhöhen. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird die wissenschaftliche Literatur zu Verhaltensursachen von Vermüllung und internationale Best-Practice-Beispiele zur Anwendung der Verhaltensökonomie bei der Müllreduktion vorgestellt. Auf Basis von qualitativen Interviews mit HausbesorgerInnen werden für den Wiener Gemeindebau die Verhaltenstreiber besonders relevanter Verschmutzungsarten wie achtloses Wegwerfen (Littering), Verschmutzung des Müllraumes und illegale Sperrmüll-Ablagerung genau analysiert. Maßgeschneiderte verhaltensökonomische Maßnahmen, von Abstimmungs-Mülleimer („Ballot Bins“), Klang-Treppen, übergroßen Malereien von Babygesichtern bis zu Hinweistafeln zur Zerkleinerung von Kartons, werden als mögliche Abhilfe diskutiert. Zum Schluss wird beispielhaft das Design von zwei Feldexperimenten zur rigorosen Evaluierung der vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen vorgestellt