Are physical objects necessarily burnt up by the blue sheet inside a black hole?

The electromagnetic radiation that falls into a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole develops a ``blue sheet'' of infinite energy density at the Cauchy horizon. We consider classical electromagnetic fields (that were produced during the collapse and then backscattered into the black hole), and investigate the blue-sheet effects of these fields on infalling objects within a simplified model. These effects are found to be finite and even negligible for typical parameters.Comment: 13 pages, ordinary LaTex. Accepted for Physical Review Letters

Sustainability Organic Agriculture and Livestock Production with Respect to European Union in Eastern Anatolia and East Black Sea Regions

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks

Toward an optimal search strategy of optical and gravitational wave emissions from binary neutron star coalescence

Observations of an optical source coincident with gravitational wave emission detected from a binary neutron star coalescence will improve the confidence of detection, provide host galaxy localisation, and test models for the progenitors of short gamma ray bursts. We employ optical observations of three short gamma ray bursts, 050724, 050709, 051221, to estimate the detection rate of a coordinated optical and gravitational wave search of neutron star mergers. Model R-band optical afterglow light curves of these bursts that include a jet-break are extrapolated for these sources at the sensitivity horizon of an Advanced LIGO/Virgo network. Using optical sensitivity limits of three telescopes, namely TAROT (m=18), Zadko (m=21) and an (8-10) meter class telescope (m=26), we approximate detection rates and cadence times for imaging. We find a median coincident detection rate of 4 yr^{-1} for the three bursts. GRB 050724 like bursts, with wide opening jet angles, offer the most optimistic rate of 13 coincident detections yr^{-1}, and would be detectable by Zadko up to five days after the trigger. Late time imaging to m=26 could detect off-axis afterglows for GRB 051221 like bursts several months after the trigger. For a broad distribution of beaming angles, the optimal strategy for identifying the optical emissions triggered by gravitational wave detectors is rapid response searches with robotic telescopes followed by deeper imaging at later times if an afterglow is not detected within several days of the trigger.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters (2011 April 22

QED blue-sheet effects inside black holes

The interaction of the unboundedly blue-shifted photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation with a physical object falling towards the inner horizon of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is analyzed. To evaluate this interaction we consider the QED effects up to the second order in the perturbation expansion. We then extrapolate the QED effects up to a cutoff, which we introduce at the Planckian level. (Our results are not sensitive to the cutoff energy.) We find that the energy absorbed by an infalling observer is finite, and for typical parameters would not lead to a catastrophic heating. However, this interaction would almost certainly be fatal for a human being, or other living organism of similar size. On the other hand, we find that smaller objects may survive the interaction. Our results do not provide support to the idea that the Cauchy horizon is to be regarded as the boundary of spacetime.Comment: 6 pages, LaTeX. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Astrophysics from data analysis of spherical gravitational wave detectors

The direct detection of gravitational waves will provide valuable astrophysical information about many celestial objects. Also, it will be an important test to general relativity and other theories of gravitation. The gravitational wave detector SCHENBERG has recently undergone its first test run. It is expected to have its first scientific run soon. In this work the data analysis system of this spherical, resonant mass detector is tested through the simulation of the detection of gravitational waves generated during the inspiralling phase of a binary system. It is shown from the simulated data that it is not necessary to have all six transducers operational in order to determine the source's direction and the wave's amplitudes.Comment: 8 pages and 3 figure

Gravitational-Wave Stochastic Background Detection with Resonant-Mass Detectors

In this paper we discuss how the standard optimal Wiener filter theory can be applied, within a linear approximation, to the detection of an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background with two or more detectors. We apply then the method to the AURIGA-NAUTILUS pair of ultra low temperature bar detectors, near to operate in coincidence in Italy, obtaining an estimate for the sensitivity to the background spectral density of $\simeq 10^{-49}\ Hz^{-1}$, that converts to an energy density per unit logarithmic frequency of$\simeq 8\times10^{-5}\times\rho_c$with$\rho_c\simeq1.9 \times 10^{-26}\ kg/m^3$the closure density of the Universe. We also show that by adding the VIRGO interferometric detector under construction in Italy to the array, and by properly re- orienting the detectors, one can reach a sensitivity of$\simeq 6 \times10^{-5}\times\rho_c$. We then calculate that the pair formed by VIRGO and one large mass spherical detector properly located in one of the nearby available sites in Italy can reah a sensitivity of$\simeq 2\times10^{-5}\times \rho_c$while a pair of such spherical detectors at the same sites of AURIGA and NAUTILUS can achieve sensitivities of$\simeq 2 \times10^{-6}\rho_c$.Comment: 32 pages, postscript file, also available at http://axln01.lnl.infn.it/reports/stoch.htm

The TIGA technique for detecting gravitational waves with a spherical antenna

We report the results of a theoretical and experimental study of a spherical gravitational wave antenna. We show that it is possible to understand the data from a spherical antenna with 6 radial resonant transducers attached to the surface in the truncated icosahedral arrangement. We find that the errors associated with small deviations from the ideal case are small compared to other sources of error, such as a finite signal-to-noise ratio. An in situ measurement technique is developed along with a general algorithm that describes a procedure for determining the direction of an external force acting on the antenna, including the force from a gravitational wave, using a combination of the transducer responses. The practicality of these techniques was verified on a room-temperature prototype antenna.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Space-borne global astrometric surveys: the hunt for extra-solar planets

The proposed global astrometry mission {\it GAIA}, recently recommended within the context of ESA's Horizon 2000 Plus long-term scientific program, appears capable of surveying the solar neighborhood within $\sim$ 200 pc for the astrometric signatures of planets around stars down to the magnitude limit of $V$=17 mag, which includes late M dwarfs at 100 pc. Realistic end-to-end simulations of the GAIA global astrometric measurements have yielded first quantitative estimates of the sensitivity to planetary perturbations and of the ability to measure their orbital parameters. Single Jupiter-mass planets around normal solar-type stars appear detectable up to 150 pc ($V\le$12 mag) with probabilities $\ge$ 50 per cent for orbital periods between $\sim$2.5 and $\sim$8 years, and their orbital parameters measured with better than 30 per cent accuracy to about 100 pc. Jupiter-like objects (same mass and period as our giant planet) are found with similar probabilities up to 100 pc.These first experiments indicate that the {\it GAIA} results would constitute an important addition to those which will come from the other ongoing and planned planet-search programs. These data combined would provide a formidable testing ground on which to confront theories of planetary formation and evolution.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, uses mn.sty, accepted by MNRA