HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S. L.’ UN ULUDAĞ GÖKNARINDA OLUŞTURDUĞU ALT GÖVDE ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNÜN ARAZİ VE LABORATUVAR METOTLARI İLE TESPİTİ

Bu çalışmada, Uludağ göknarında (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana (Mattf.) Coode & Cullen) shigometre ve artım burgusunun Heterobasidion annosum s.l. ve diğer funguslardan kaynaklanan kök ve alt gövde çürüklüğünün tespitinde kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Seçilen ağaçların yakınında veya çevresinde, H. annosum’ un neden olduğu tipik beyaz çürüklük belirtisini ya da üreme organlarını taşıyan kütükler bulunmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Ağaçlardan alınan artım kalemleri laboratuarda kültüre alınmış ve öncelikle Heterobasidion annosum olmak üzere diğer çürüklük funguslarının varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Shigometre, toplam 20 ağacın 15’ inde elektriksel dirençte % 75’ in üzerinde düşüşe, başka bir deyişle ağaçta olası bir probleme işaret ederken, kültüre alınan artım çubuklarının sadece üçünden H. annosum s.l. izole edilebilmiştir. Shigometre ve artım burgusundan elde edilen sonuçların birbirinden farklı olmasının nedenleri arasında, diğer göknar türlerinde yaygın olduğu bilinen ıslak odun oluşumunun Uludağ göknarında da görülebilme olasılığı sayılabilir. Dolayısıyla, Uludağ göknarında shigometre ölçümleri üzerine ıslak odun oluşumunun ve çürüklüğe neden olan fungusların etkisinin belirlenmesi için daha detaylı araştırmalara gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Heterobasidion annosum, Beyaz çürüklük, Göknar, Shigometre, Artım burgus

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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Comparison of Fungi with Sclerotia as Sustainable Materials for Product Design

Due to the increasing problems related to environmental pollution, sustainable and biodegradable materials gained importance. Fungi are among the most promising sources as biomaterials and have recently been used in product design. Sclerotia are compact hyphal masses produced by fungi under certain conditions, especially for survival. In this study four sclerotia forming fungi; Botrytis cinerea, Laetisaria arvalis, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were compared in terms of features of sclerotia and possible usage as sustainable materials. Fungi were grown on a solid medium (potato dextrose agar) for two weeks and sclerotia formations were compared by daily observations. L. arvalis and M. phaseolina had smaller sclerotia homogeneously scattered all over the medium surface, while B. cinerea and R. solani formed sparse and bigger sclerotia. Shapes, colors and hardness of the sclerotia were also different from each other. Like fungal mycelia, sclerotia with more resistant structures may also be used as biomaterials in product design

Effects of some entomopathogenic fungi on Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri is an economically important pest species causing harm on citrus and some other plants. Biological control of the pest is gaining importance because of the problems caused by chemical control. In this study, effects of Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Paecilomyces lilacinus against second instar larvae of mealybug were investigated. Healthy potato tubers were dipped into spore suspensions of the entomopathogens with 108 conidia/ml concentration and then infested with mealybugs. Potatoes were then kept in a climatic room with 25±1°C temperature and 60±5% humidity. Alive and dead mealybug individuals were determined 3, 5 and 7 days after applications and mortality rates were calculated. As a result, three entomopathogens caused different rates of mortality on the pest. B. bassiana isolate showed the highest effect and killed all pest individuals 5 days after the application. Mortality rates caused by P. fumosoroseus and P. lilacinus were lower in the first two observations, while they showed 96% and 82% mortality on the seventh day, respectively

Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton Associated with Shoot Blight on Pinus brutia Ten. in Southwestern Turkey

Abstract -This study was conducted in order to determine the agents of shoot blight and dieback of Calabrian pines at Aşağı Gökdere, Isparta province, in 2005 and 2006. Ninety trees were selected systematically in the stand. One dead branch from each tree was cut and the shoots were investigated under the stereomicroscope for the presence of fungal structures. Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton and Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf) Steyaert were common fungi, with the observation frequencies of 21.1% and 46.7%, respectively. Pathogenicity of two fungi was investigated by winter and spring inoculations on Calabrian and Crimean pine. After eight months incubation period, the lesion sizes were measured. S. sapinea was found to be quite aggressive and large lesions formed on both hosts while lesions caused by T. hartigii did not differ significantly from the control

Characterization and pathogenicity of Pythium-like species associated with root and collar rot of kiwifruit in Turkey

During the period of June to October in 2018, a widespread decline was observed on kiwifruit vines in the vineyards located in Altınordu, Fatsa, and Perşembe districts of Ordu province. The symptoms were associated with reddish-brown rots expanding from the root to the collar with sparse off-color foliage. Based on the percentage of the total infected samples across 18 vineyards, the most common oomycete species were Globisporangium intermedium (37.1%), Phytopythium vexans (34.3%), G. sylvaticum (14.3%), G. heterothallicum (11.4%), and Pythium dissotocum (2.9%). The morphological identification of isolates was confirmed based on partial DNA sequences containing the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (rDNA ITS) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (coxII) gene. The optimum growth temperature and the optimum pH of 5 species ranged from 22.98 to 28.25°C and 5.67 to 8.51, respectively. Pathogenicity tests on the seedlings of kiwifruit cv. Hayward revealed significant differences in virulence among isolates. Phytopythium vexans and G. sylvaticum isolates caused severe root and collar rot resulting in seedling death, while G. heterothallicum and G. intermedium isolates had relatively lower virulence. All Globisporangium spp. and P. vexans isolates significantly decreased plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot and root dry weights and root length); however, P. dissotocum caused very mild symptoms and did not affect these parameters of growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting G. sylvaticum, G. heterothallicum, and G. intermedium causing root and collar rot on kiwifruit not only in Turkey but also in the world

Expression analysis of <i>WRKY</i> genes from <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> in response to pathogen infection

<div><p>The majority of WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play a role in the regulation of defense response in plants. Three <i>WRKY</i> genes, <i>PtrWRKY1, PtrWRKY2 and PtrWRKY3</i>, were previously identified in <i>Poncirus</i> and their expressions were characterized in response to cold and drought in <i>Poncirus</i> and <i>Citrus</i>. In this study, expressions of these <i>WRKY</i> genes were studied in response to infection with two major pathogens of <i>Citrus</i>, <i>Citrus tristeza virus</i> (CTV) and <i>Phytophthora citrophthora</i>, in resistant <i>Poncirus</i> and susceptible pummelo (<i>Citrus grandis</i>) plants. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of the <i>PtrWRKY1</i> gene was induced earlier and stronger in <i>Poncirus</i> than in pummelo in response to CTV infection. On the other hand, the expression of the <i>PtrWRKY1</i> gene was not altered in response to <i>P. citrophthora</i> infection neither in <i>Poncirus</i> nor in pummelo. When the expression of the <i>PtrWRKY2</i> gene was analyzed, it was repressed by CTV inoculation in <i>Poncirus</i> plants, whereas the expression was not changed in response to CTV infection in pummelo or in response to <i>P. citrophthora</i> inoculation in <i>Poncirus</i> or pummelo. Similarly, the expression of the <i>PtrWRKY3</i> gene was repressed in <i>Poncirus</i>, but not changed in pummelo by CTV inoculation; however, the expression of the <i>PtrWRKY3</i> gene was induced in <i>Poncirus</i>, but it was repressed in pummelo in response to <i>P. citrophthora</i> inoculation. The expression analysis of three different <i>WRKY</i> genes revealed that they are differentially expressed in response to CTV and <i>P. citrophthora</i> infection in resistant <i>Poncirus</i> and susceptible pummelo suggesting that they may play a role in disease resistance in <i>Poncirus</i>.</p></div

A rare urea cycle disorder in a neonate: N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency

Urea cycle disorders (UCD), are genetically inherited diseases that may have a poor outcome due to to profound hyperammonemia. We report the case of a baby girl diagnosed as N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency. The patient was evaluated due to diminished sucking and hypotonicity. Physical examination showed hepatomegaly. Complete blood count, biochemical values and blood gas analyses were normal, acute phase reactants were negative. Further laboratory analyses showed no ketones in blood and highly elevated ammonia. Metabolic tests were inconclusive. Emergency treatment was initiated immediately and she was discharged on the 15th day of admission. NAGS deficiency was confirmed by DNA-analysis. She is now without any dietary restriction or other medication, except N-carbamylglutamate (NCG). NAGS deficiency is the only UCD which can be specifically and effectively treated by NCG. Early recognition of disease will lead to early treatment that may prohibit devastating effects of hyperammonemia