Dondurulmuş Ahududularda Hepatit A Virüs, Enterobacteriaceae, Koliform ve Escherichia coli Kontaminasyonunun Belirlenmesi

Hepatitis A is transferred via fecal-oral route, direct contact from person to person or with ingestion of contaminated food. Foods like, raspberries, strawberries and blueberries are important source of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Frozen retail packaged raspberries are analyzed in this study. Frozen raspberry samples have were obtained from local supermarkets monthly between January and December 2015 in Ankara province, Turkey. The samples were evaluated for HAV contamination using ISO/TS 15216-1:2013 in duplicate and Mengovirus was used for process control. Samples that found to be contaminated with HAV were further analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae Coliform and Escherichia coli. Totally 240 samples were analyzed and 20 (8.33%) were found to be contaminated with HAV. The highest HAV prevalence was on 6th month (25%). On the contrary no HAV was found on 3rd, 4th and 10th months of analyzes. The highest Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform and E. coli counts were found on 2nd month 4.90, 4.84 and, 3.48 log10 cfu/g, respectively. The results indicate that even the food relies with the microbiological criteria, there is no guarantee for viral contamination. Additionally, high cost of virus analyzes is another barrier for routine control which has a direct impact on public health. Additional measures like HACCP, GHP and GMP should be applied strictly from farm to fork to avoid contamination with HAV.Hepatit A virüsü (HAV), genellikle fekal-oral yolla, kişiden kişiye direkt temas veya kontamine gıda ve suyun alınmasıyla bulaşmaktadır. Dondurulmuş ahududu, çilek ve yabanmersini gibi üzümsü meyveler kategorisinde yer alan ürünler, HAV kontaminasyonu açısından önemli kaynaklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada piyasada paketli olarak satılan dondurulmuş ahududu örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Dondurulmuş ahududu örnekleri, 2015 yılında Ankara’da bulunan marketlerden Ocak-Aralık ayları arasında her ay 20 tane olacak şekilde toplanmıştır. Çalışma konusunu oluşturan ahududu örneklerinde HAV analizi ISO/TS 15216-1:2013 uygun olacak şekilde iki paralel olarak yapılmıştır ve proses kontrolü için Mengovirüs kullanılmıştır. HAV pozitif bulunan örneklerde Enterobacteriaceae, Koliform bakteri ve E. coli sayımları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplam 240 adet ahududu örneğinin 20 adetinin (%8,33) HAV pozitif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek prevalansın 6. ayda (%25) olduğu tespit edilirken, 3, 4 ve 10. aylarda alınan örneklerde ise HAV bulunmamıştır. En yüksek Enterobacteriaceae, koliform ve E. coli sayılarının 2. ayda olduğu ve bu ayda sırasıyla 4,90, 4,84 ve 3,48 log10 kob/g bakteri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar gıdaların mikrobiyolojik kriterlere göre bakteriyel ajanlar bakımından yeterli koşulları sağlıyor olduğunu gösteriyor olmasına rağmen, viral etkenler bakımından herhangi bir garanti sağlamadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca yüksek maliyetli virüs analizleri, halk sağlığı üzerinde doğrudan etkisi olan rutin kontrollerin yapılması için bir engel oluşturmaktadır. HACCP, GHP ve GMP gibi ilave önlemler, HAV ile bulaşmayı önlemek için kesinlikle çiftlikten çatala kadar uygulanmalıdır

Characterization of Salmonella isolated from organically reared poultry located in the same longitude with three distinct seasonal characteristics

This study is designed to determine Salmonella prevalence in organic poultry farms and slaughterhouse in three different regions with distinct seasonal characteristics. Salmonella strains were isolated from organic reared poultry farm environment (water, feed, and feces) and poultry meat samples (neck skin and breast meat). Antibiotic resistance and 16S rRNA profiles were demonstrated with alignment scores. Salmonella spp. prevalences according to regions were, 51 of 200 (25.50%) samples taken from Region A, 77 of 200 (38.50%) samples taken from Region B, 105 of 200 (52.50%) samples taken from Region C. Serotyping of the strains revealed that S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are the most dormant strains among all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains revealed that major resistance against ampicillin. This study is held for an awareness rising about the possible impact of seasonality related with food borne pathogens prevalence. Practical applications Poultry meat and meat products account for approximately one-third of all Salmonella infections in humans. The relation between environmental temperature and foodborne pathogens is a complex matter, which has not been investigated widely and is hard to predict. The data obtained in this study indicate a significant high prevalence in warm region, which may be evaluated as a possible key for environmental temperature effect on foodborne pathogens distribution in organically reared poultry. In addition, this study provides important information to show the sources of contamination steps ranging from farm to fork in organically reared poultry

Characterization of Salmonella isolated from organically reared poultry located in the same longitude with three distinct seasonal characteristics

This study is designed to determine Salmonella prevalence in organic poultry farms and slaughterhouse in three different regions with distinct seasonal characteristics. Salmonella strains were isolated from organic reared poultry farm environment (water, feed, and feces) and poultry meat samples (neck skin and breast meat). Antibiotic resistance and 16S rRNA profiles were demonstrated with alignment scores. Salmonella spp. prevalences according to regions were, 51 of 200 (25.50%) samples taken from Region A, 77 of 200 (38.50%) samples taken from Region B, 105 of 200 (52.50%) samples taken from Region C. Serotyping of the strains revealed that S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are the most dormant strains among all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains revealed that major resistance against ampicillin. This study is held for an awareness rising about the possible impact of seasonality related with food borne pathogens prevalence