A Spanish version of the athens insomnia scale

Objectives To develop and validate a Spanish version of the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Methods The AIS is designed to assess sleep difficulty and comprises eight items: the first five refer to the sleep disturbance and the last three to the daytime consequences. Either the full eight-item scale (AIS-8) or the brief form (AIS-5) can be administered. The adaptation used a backtranslation design. The validation process was based on a sample of 323 participants (undergraduates, community sample and psychiatric outpatients), which completed the AIS and other questionnaires: anxiety (BAI), depression (BDI) and psychological well-being (GHQ-12) scales. Results The internal consistency coefficients for both versions were above 0.80. The study of dimensionality revealed a single factor with high loadings and a percentage of explained variance above 50% in both versions. Test-retest reliability was above 0.70 (AIS-5) and over 0.80 (AIS-8) at a one-month interval. The correlation between the AIS and the previously mentioned scales was for both the AIS-5 and the AIS-8 above 0.40 and 0.50, respectively

Factors affecting quits and layoffs in Spain

During the last decade, unemployment rates in the European Union have been higher than in other regions, e.g., the United States, and these are even higher in Spain. It has been argued that the different degrees of labour mobility between the European and the American labour markets can account for the differences in the pattern observed. This paper follows the McLaughlin's model (1991) and provides empirical evidence regarding the factors determining quits and layoffs due to contract termination and non-renewal in Spain, following the efficient-turnover theory and wage flexibility. The data was obtained from the Spanish Household Panel Survey (PHOGUE) conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE 1995). Our evidence, on the one hand, indicates that workers' characteristics influence on the probability of changing job. On the other hand, the influency of the factors affecting labour mobility is different depending on whether job separation was triggered by quits or layoffs.quit, layoff, wage revision and bivariate probit.

Instalación de climatización del edificio de control de Venta Alta

En el presente proyecto se va a justificar, dimensionar y diseñar el sistema de climatización del Edificio de Control de la ETAP de Venta Alta del Consorcio de Aguas de Bilbao situada en Arrigorriaga (Bizkaia). La instalación cumplirá con las exigencias de la normativa actual. Se utilizará un sistema de generación que va a permitir la captación de energía térmica o disipación de la misma en un foco de temperatura constante constituido por una fracción del caudal de agua depurada. De este modo, se cubrirá la totalidad de las demandas térmicas del edificio reduciendo de manera importante los costes energéticos de operación, en comparación con un sistema de generación convencional. Con ello, también resultará una instalación atractiva a nivel económico y medioambiental.Arrigorriagan (Bizkaia) dagoen Bilbao Bizkaia Ur Partzuergoaren Venta Altaren Edateko Uren Tratamendutegiko Kontrol Eraikinaren klimatizazio s istema frogatu, neurritu eta diseinatuko da proiektu honetan. Instalazio honek gaur egungo araudia beteko du. Sorkuntza sistema bat erabiliko da energía termikoa temperatura konstantea duen foku batean jasotzeko edo disipatzeko. Foku horrek ur araztuaren emariaren frakzio batez konposatuta egongo da. Horrela, eraik inaren eskaera termiko guztiak beteko dira eta lanen gastu energetikoak murriztuko dira sorketa sistema konben tzional batekin konparatuz gero. Gainera, instalazio erakargarri batean bihurtuko da ekonomikoki eta ingurumenari begira.In the present project will justify, size and design the HVAC control system of the DWTS of Venta Alta of the Bilbao Water Consortium located in Arrigorriaga (Bizkaia). The installation will comply with the requirements of the current regulations. A generation system will be used that will allow the capture of thermal energy or dissipation of it in a constant temperature source constituted by a fraction of the flow of purified water. In this way, the total thermal demands of the building will be covered, significantly reducing the energy costs of operation, compared to a conventional generation system. This will also result in an attractive economic and environmental situ ation

Doctrina jurídica y práctica social del matrimonio medieval según Las Partidas

En este trabajo se analizan las ideas sobre el matrimonio en Las Partidas, la más importante manifestación del universo cultural alfonsí, tanto en su expresión jurídica como en su significado social y antropológico. Se inicia con una exposición del modelo matrimonial existente en la corte castellana en tiempos de Fernando III, según se recoge en la Primera Crónica General. A continuación se contempla el matrimonio en su relación con la codificación del parentesco y el desenvolvimiento de la conyugalidad como comportamiento humano, considerados de forma atemporal, para después exponer, en síntesis, la evolución de las teorías sobre el matrimonio durante la Edad Media hasta el siglo XIII. La segunda parte del trabajo estudia la doctrina del matrimonio en Las Partidas agrupada en los siguientes apartados: Celebración del matrimonio. Requisitos para su validez, edad núbil, sexualidad. Uniones “no justas”. Ruptura del matrimonio. Nulidad en razón de parentesco. Impotencia. Divorcio y separación.The aim of this paper is to explore ideas about Marriage as put forward in “Las Partidas”, the most important example of cultural world Alfonso the Wise's, both in legal and in social and anthropological terms. It begin by portraying the model of marriage current in the Castilian court in the time of Ferdinand III, as it is recorded in the “Primera Crónica General”. It goes to focus on marriage in connexion with the coding kinship and the envolving of matrimony in terms of human behavior, as seen from an atemporal viewpoint. Last1y, the artic1e outlines into the development of theories of marriage in the Middle Ages up to 13th century. The second part of the paper is devoted to the doctrine of marriage in “Las Partidas” as contained in the following sections: the ceremony of marriage. Conditions of legal validity. Nubile age and sexuality. Non legal unions. Marriage breakdown. Annulment for kinship reasons, impotence. Divorce and separation

La ilusión de la identidad en el imaginario medieval según Las Partidas

En un momento de crisis de la historia, como el que vivimos, se hace necesario recuperar al hombre como protagonista del pasado. Los protagonistas de los procesos históricos se revisten de una identidad que se expresa a través de ideales y, al mismo tiempo, ciertos textos como Las Partidas los desarrollan de forma discursiva. La identidad está relacionada con el progreso individual y social de las personas. Religión y memoria constituyen el fundamento de una moral caracterizada por la defensa del derecho a la vida según las leyes de Las Partidas. Comprender la identidad medieval requiere una aproximación teológica a la cuestión. La religión tenía a fines del siglo XIII un significado ético-ejemplar, y la identidad del hombre se construyó a imitación de la figura de Dios padre salvador. La idea de salvación se relacionó, por otra parte, con la conciencia del pecado que acompañaba al hombre desde sus orígenes. Hoy el hombre es protagonista de su propia historia, vive en una sociedad abierta que puede transformar como estime oportuno. La libertad es la razón moral de su existencia, pero sigue creyéndose el rey de la creación. Sin embargo, la psicología moderna afirma que la identidad es una construcción cultural la voluntad de sentirse parte de un todo; aunque a menudo se defiendan identidades excluyentes. Los historiadores sabemos, sin embargo, que las civilizaciones tienden a difuminar las identidades a través de procesos de afirmación/negación. A veces resulta difícil debatir estas cuestiones, por lo que sólo cabe exigir que quienes afirman su identidad respeten ciertos principios éticos básicos, como la renuncia a todo tipo de violencia, pues sería un contrasentido defender la identidad de unos negando la de los demás.At a time of crisis in History such as we are living today, it becomes necessary to recover the idea of Man as the protagonist of the past. Indeed the protagonists of historical processes are invested with an identity which expresses itself through ideals and this is discursively developed in Las Partidas. Identity is thus related to the individual and social progress of people, while religion and memory -again according to the laws included in Las Partidas- become the founding pillars of a moral system characterized by the advocacy of the right to life. Understanding medieval identity demands a theological approach to the whole issue. By the end of the thirteenth century, religion had an ethical and exemplary significance; the identity of man was built in imitation of God's figure as father and saviour. The idea of salvation, on the other hand, was associated with the awareness of sin that accompanied Man from his very origins. Today, by contrast, Man is the protagonist of his own history and lives in an open society which he can transform as soon as he deems it necessary. While freedom continues to be the moral reason for his existence, he still sees himself as the sovereign of creation. And yet modem psychology states that identity is a cultural construction: the will to belong to a larger whole, even though quite often people engage in the defence of exclusive identities. We historians know, however, that civilizations tend to blur identities by means of processes of affirmation/negation. Sometimes it becomes difficult to discuss these issues, but we can at least expect that those who affirm their identity should do so while respecting a number of elementary principles, like for example the rejection of all kinds of violence. Otherwise it would be indeed contradictory to defend the identity of some while negating that of others

Incorporating variable viscosity in vorticity-based formulations for Brinkman equations

In this brief note, we introduce a non-symmetric mixed finite element formulation for Brinkman equations written in terms of velocity, vorticity and pressure with non-constant viscosity. The analysis is performed by the classical Babu\v{s}ka-Brezzi theory, and we state that any inf-sup stable finite element pair for Stokes approximating velocity and pressure can be coupled with a generic discrete space of arbitrary order for the vorticity. We establish optimal a priori error estimates which are further confirmed through computational example