Métodos alternativos para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del diseño

El desarrollo del alumno debe ser guiado por los profesores, quienes tienen la responsabilidad de buscar alternativas y llevarlas al taller de diseño. El fin de este artículo es proponer métodos alternativos para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del diseño, centrados en el usuario final, que es el consumidor. En esta ocasión se abordan los métodos de diseño centrado en la persona y diseño participativo como propuestas creativas, a diferencia de los métodos y metodologías científicas, que son poco compatibles con el área del diseño debido a su poca flexibilidad

Shifts in subsistence type and its impact on the human skull's morphological integration

Objective: Here we evaluate morphological integration patterns and magnitudes in different skull regions to detect if shifts in morphological integration are correlated to the appearance of more processed (softer) diets. Methods: To do so, three transitional populations were analyzed, including samples from groups that inhabited the same geographical region and for which the evidence shows that major changes occurred in their subsistence mode. Ninety three-dimensional landmarks were digitized on 357 skulls and used as the raw data to develop geometric morphometric analyses. The landmark coordinates were divided into several different regions of biomechanical interest, following a three-level hierarchically nested scheme: the whole skull, further subdivided into neurocranium (divided into the vault and basicranium), the facial (divided into the lower and upper facial), and the masticatory apparatus (divided into alveolar, temporal, and temporo-mandibular joint). Results: Our results indicate that the morphological integration and variability patterns significantly vary across skull regions but are maintained across the transitions. The alveolar border and the lower facial are the regions manifesting greater value of morphological integration and variability, while the upper facial, the temporo-mandibular joint, and the basicranium are highly integrated and poorly variable. Conclusions: The transition to softer diets increased morphological variation across cranial regions that are more exposed to masticatory strains effects.Fil: Paschetta, Carolina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: de Azevedo, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: González, Marina Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Quinto Sánchez, Mirsha. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Cintas, Celia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Varela, Hector Hugo. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Gómez Valdés, Jorge. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Facultad de Ciencias; MéxicoFil: Sánchez Mejorada, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Facultad de Ciencias; MéxicoFil: González José, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas; Argentin

Lack of support for the association between facial shape and aggression: a reappraisal based on a worldwide population genetics perspective

Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multiple disciplines. Since these interpretations may have social, moral and legal implications, a constant review of the evidence is necessary before any scientific claim is considered as truth. A recent study proposed that men with wider faces relative to facial height (fWHR) are more likely to develop unethical behaviour mediated by a psychological sense of power. This research was based on reports suggesting that sexual dimorphism and selection would be responsible for a correlation between fWHR and aggression. Here we show that 4,960 individuals from 94 modern human populations belonging to a vast array of genetic and cultural contexts do not display significant amounts of fWHR sexual dimorphism. Further analyses using populations with associated ethnographical records as well as samples of male prisoners of the Mexico City Federal Penitentiary condemned by crimes of variable level of inter-personal aggression (homicide, robbery, and minor faults) did not show significant evidence, suggesting that populations/individuals with higher levels of bellicosity, aggressive behaviour, or power-mediated behaviour display greater fWHR. Finally, a regression analysis of fWHR on individual"s fitness showed no significant correlation between this facial trait and reproductive success. Overall, our results suggest that facial attributes are poor predictors of aggressive behaviour, or at least, that sexual selection was weak enough to leave a signal on patterns of between- and within-sex and population facial variation

Sexual dimporphism on fWHR across socio-cultural categories.

<p>Box and whisker plots of a) fWHR sexual dimorphism in samples belonging to three different socio-cultural categories: HG: hunter-gatherers; F: farmers; SS: state societies. b) fWHR values of males from the Mexican general population (GP), males prosecuted by homicide (H), robbery (R) and other minor faults (O). Square: mean; box: standard error; whisker: standard deviation. c) Regression of fWHR on fitness, estimated as lifetime reproductive success (LRS, number of children raised to adulthood).</p

Databases used in this study. Population lists for each database are provided in Table S1.

1<p>: computed across all indices and across all populations.</p>2<p>: computed across all populations.</p>3<p>: computed across all indices. Indices definitions are as follows: WHR: Width-to heigth ratio, bizygomatic breadth/nasion-prosthion height; CI: Cephalic index, maximum cranial breadth ×100/maximum cranial length; CHLI: Cranial height-length, height (from bregma to basion or porion) ×100/maximum cranial length; CBHI: Cranial breadth-height, maximum cranial height ×100/maximum cranial breadth; CTI: Craniofacial transverse index, bizygomatic breadth ×100/maximum cranial breadth; GI: Gnathic index, basion-prosthion length ×100/basion-nasion length; JFI: Jugofrontal index, minimum frontal breadth ×100/bizygomatic breadth; OI: Orbital index: maximum orbital height ×100/maximum orbital breadth; NI: Nasal index: maximum nasal breadth ×100/nasal height; GP: Glabellar projection index, glabella-opisthocranion length/nasionopisthocranion length; NVI: Neurocranial volumetric index; FVI: Facial volumetric index; NFI: Neurofacial index; ANVI: Anteroneural volumetric index; MNVI: Midneural volumetric index; PNVI: Posteroneural volumetric index; OTVI: Otic volumetric index; OVI: Optic volumetric index; RVI: Respiratory volumetric index; MVI: Masticatory volumetric index; AVI: Alveolar volumetric index; ANMI: Anteroneural morphometric index; MNMI: Midneural morphometric index; PNMI: Posteroneural morphometric index; OTMI: Otic morphometric index; OMI: Optic morphometric index; RMI: Respiratory morphometric index; MMI: Masticatory morphometric index; AMI: Alveolar morphometric.</p

Sexual dimporphism on fWHR and further cranial indices.

<p>Box and whisker plots of global sexual dimorphism computed across the different databases. Indices that differed significantly among sexes (after t-test for independent samples) are shown in solid grey. A) Howells database; b) Pucciarelli database, c) 2D Geometric Morphometric database, d) 3D Geometric Morphometric database, e) Patagonian groups database. Square: median; box: 25%–75%; whisker: minimum-maximum values.</p

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)