The translatability of metaphor in LSP: application of a decision-making model

The pragmatic approach to translation implies the consideration of translation as a useful test case for understanding the role of language in social life. Under this view this article analyses the decision-making stage translators go through in the course of formulating a TT. Hence this article contributes both to enhance the status of translation theory and to explain some of the decisions taken by the Spanish translators of three English Manuals of Economics. In short, we have argued that the use of a 'maximax' strategy for translating English metaphors as Spanish similarity-creating metaphors can be attributed to subjective factors, especially to the translators' cognitive system, their knowledge bases, the task specification, and the text type specific problem space. As a result, we have also claimed that proposals for translating microtextual problems —for example, metaphors — can benefit from the study of the above-mentioned subjective factors since they allow or inhibit the translators' choices in the decision-making stage of the translation process

The translatability of metaphor in LSP: application of a decision-making model

The pragmatic approach to translation implies the consideration of translation as a useful test case for understanding the role of language in social life. Under this view this article analyses the decision-making stage translators go through in the course of formulating a TT. Hence this article contributes both to enhance the status of translation theory and to explain some of the decisions taken by the Spanish translators of three English Manuals of Economics. In short, we have argued that the use of a 'maximax' strategy for translating English metaphors as Spanish similarity-creating metaphors can be attributed to subjective factors, especially to the translators' cognitive system, their knowledge bases, the task specification, and the text type specific problem space. As a result, we have also claimed that proposals for translating microtextual problems —for example, metaphors — can benefit from the study of the above-mentioned subjective factors since they allow or inhibit the translators' choices in the decision-making stage of the translation process

La teoría funcional de la Lexicografía y sus consecuencias para los diccionarios de economía del español

[Resumen] Con este artículo ofrecemos una visión de la lexicografía desde la perspectiva de la teoría funcional, que defiende que la lexicografía es la teoría y práctica de las herramientas de uso que facilitan un acceso rápido al tipo específico de datos de los cuales un tipo específico de usuarios puede extraer el tipo específico de información que le permita satisfacer el tipo específico de necesidades lexicográficamente relevantes que tenga en un tipo específico de situación social extralexicográfica. La aplicación de la teoría al estudio de los diccionarios cognitivos y comunicativos del campo de la economía nos ha permitido observar que la mayoría de estos diccionarios no son adecuados, fundamentalmente porque se han confeccionado o bien sin criterio lexicográfico alguno, o bien con un criterio parcial. Quizás sea nuestro objetivo final que los estudiosos de la lengua encuentren en los fundamentos de esta teoría la base teórica y los instrumentos prácticos con los que mejorar el mercado de productos lexicográficos existentes en el mundo de habla hispana, algo muy importante para el desarrollo de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento

Proposals for upgrading the lexicographical treatment of prepositions in bilingual dictionaries for business translation

[Resumen] En este artículo partimos de la idea de que solo la existencia de una base lexicográfica adecuada puede ayudarnos a diseñar diccionarios de negocios capaces de ayudar a traducir textos comerciales. El tratamiento gramatical es un buen ejemplo de las diferentes posibilidades con las que cuenta el lexicógrafo. Si, como se propone en este artículo, el lexicógrafo utiliza un enfoque funcional, el tratamiento de los datos gramaticales debe basarse en el uso sistemático de dos estructuras lexicográficas: textos intermedios y sistema de referencias entre los textos intermedios y las entradas. Ilustramos nuestra propuesta partiendo del estudio del tratamiento de las preposiciones en dos diccionarios comerciales bilingües y bidireccionales (Inglés-Español) que creemos que no ofrecen un tratamiento lexicográfico adecuado de las preposicionesMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación; FFI2008-01703Junta de Castilla y León; VA039A0

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Hacia una integración del "ESP" en el tronco del "ELT" y hacia su normalización de los planes de estudio

"Hacia una integración del ESP en el tronco del ELT y hacia ,'w normalización en los planes de estudio". The 1970s witnessed an explosion of interest in ESP. the Notional-Functional approach paved the way for its emergence -student's needs should be considered essential- an the Register Analysis showed there are specific registers -the language of business, the language of science and technology ... - that must be taken into account. From its start, there has been a controversy: is the ESP so specific as to consider it apart from the ELT or is it just another branch of it? This paper tries to prove the ESP should be given a middle-of-the-field position and its leaching principles must be organized both on the principles currently found in an ELT course and on the findings discovered by the Needs Analysis. It also maintains the ESP syllabus to be taught in the Spanish University should be designed according to the so-called "skills-centred approach"