Influence of growth regulators and explant type on in vitro morphogenesis of Hancornia speciosa Gomes

A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), pertencente à família Apocynaceae, é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado e dos tabuleiros costeiros do Nordeste, e possui grande importância socioeconômica, ambiental e cultural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes concentrações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e do tipo de explante sobre a morfogênese in vitro de H. speciosa. Para isso, explantes nodais e apicais foram inoculados em meio MS básico e em MS suplementado com 1,5; 2,5 e 3,5 mg.L-1 de BAP e 1,25; 2,5 e 3,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. As variáveis observadas foram: formação de brotos, número de brotos por explante, número de nós por brotação, contaminação, sobrevivência, formação de raízes, número médio de raízes e presença de calos. Constatou-se que explantes de ápices caulinares, na ausência de BAP, apresentam-se mais responsivos em relação à taxa de multiplicação in vitro e indução de brotações. A rizogênese a partir de ápices caulinares e segmentos nodais não foi favorecida nas concentrações de AIB utilizadas. Entretanto, o uso de 3,0 mg.L-1 de AIB induz a formação de maior número de raízes, aumenta a calogênse e sobrevivência de segmentos nodais e apicais de H. speciosa. Palavras-chave: Apocynaceae; citocinina; auxina.Mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), belonging to the family Apocynaceae family, is a native species of the Cerrado and the Northeast coastal plains, and has great socio-economic, environmental and cultural importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole butyric acid (AIB) on the in vitro morphogenesis of H. speciosa. For this, apical and nodal explants were inoculated into basic MS medium and into MS medium supplemented with 1.5; 2.5 and 3.5mg.L-1 BAP to 1.25; 2.5 and 3.0 mg.L-1 of AIB. The variables observed were: sprout formation, number of shoots per explant, number of nodes per shoot, contamination, survival, root formation, mean number of roots and callus presence. It was found that explants of shoot apices in the absence of BAP were more responsive in relation to the rate of in vitro multiplication and induction of shoots. Rhizogenesis from shoot apices and nodal segments was not favored in the IBA concentrations used. However, the concentration of 3.0mg.L-1 AIB induces the formation of more roots, increases calogênse and survival of nodal and apical segments of H. speciosa. Keywords: Apocynaceae; cytokinin; auxin

Effect of 6-benzylaminopurine and naflalenoacético acid on in vitro propagation of Hancornia speciosa.

A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma espécie arbórea nativa do Nordeste, de grande importância socioeconômica, ambiental e medicinal. Na última década, a intensificação da ação antrópica vem contribuindo para a redução significativa de suas áreas remanescentes, e, consequentemente, de sua diversidade genética, o que justifica a realização de estudos relacionados à propagação da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) sobre a indução de brotações em explantes nodais de mangabeira. Estes foram obtidos de plântulas germinadas in vitro e inoculados em meio MS básico e MS suplementado com: 1,5; 2,5 e 3,5 mg.L-1 de BAP e 0,1 e 0,5 mg.L-1 de ANA e mantidos em sala de crescimento, durante 30 dias sob condições controladas de temperatura, fotoperíodo e luminosidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com doze tratamentos, e três repetições, sendo cada repetição composta por 10 unidades experimentais. As variáveis observadas foram: formação de brotos, número de brotos por explante, presença de calos, contaminação e sobrevivência. Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente através da análise de modelo linear generalizado. Os resultados indicaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com os reguladores de crescimento vegetal, para todas as variáveis. Dessa forma, na ausência de BAP e ANA os explantes apresentam-se mais responsivos em relação à taxa de multiplicação e ao número de brotações, sendo, portanto, desnecessário o uso desses reguladores de crescimento para a propagação in vitro de mangabeira.The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a native tree species of the Northeast of Brazil, of great importance socio-economic, environmental and medicinal. In the last decade, the intensification of human action has contributed to the significant reduction in its remaining areas, and hence their genetic diversity, which justify the need for studies related to the propagation of the species. The objective of this study was to test the effect of different concentrations of 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the shoot induction in nodal explants mangabeira. These were obtained from seedlings germinated in vitro and inoculated in MS medium and MS supplemented with: 1.5; 2.5 and 3.5 mg.L-1 BAP and 0.1 to 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA and kept in growth room for 30 days under controlled conditions of temperature, photoperiod and luminosity. The experimental design was randomized with 12 treatments, 3 replications and each replication consisting of 10 experimental units. The variables were: formation of buds, number of shoots per explant, callus presence, contamination and survival. The data were statistically analyzed by generalized linear model analysis. There were significant differences between treatments with plant growth regulators, for all variables. Therefore, in the absence of BAP and NAA explants have to be more responsive in relation to the rate of multiplication and the number of shoots is therefore unnecessary to use these growth regulators in vitro propagation of mangabeira

Comportamento do camarão em diferentes substratos nas fases clara e escura do dia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of substrate type on the preference, burial, and natatory activity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Juvenile (0.93±0.29 g) and adult males and females (10.05±1.18 g) were observed during 24 hours using the focal animal method, with instantaneous recording. The following soil granulometries (treatments) were tested: I, 100% C; II, 50% C + 50% B; III, 50% A + 50% C; IV, 100% B; V, 50% B + 50% A; and VI, 100% A, in which the letters reffer to particle mean diameter, A = 0.25–2.0 mm, B = 0.0625–0.25 mm, and C = <0.0625 mm. Six treatments were applied with 18 replicates for each category: juvenile, male, and female shrimp. Each individual was simultaneously exposed for 24 hours to the six types of substrates, and its behavior was observed in the light and dark phases of the day. Swimming occurred mainly during the dark phase, and burial in the light phase in substrate IV. The juvenile and adult shrimp (male or female) prefer substrate composed of fine and very fine sand (0.0625–0.25 mm), both for residence and for burial.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tipo de substrato sobre a preferência, o enterramento e a atividade natatória de camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei). Juvenis (0,93±0,29 g) e adultos machos e fêmeas (10,05±1,18 g) foram observados durante 24 horas, por meio do método animal focal, com registros instantâneos. Foram testadas as seguintes granulometrias (tratamentos) dos substratos: I, 100% C; II, 50% C + 50% B; III, 50% A + 50% C; IV, 100% B; V, 50% B + 50% A; e VI, 100% A, em que as letras referemse ao diâmetro médio das partículas, A = 0,25–2,0 mm; B = 0,0625–0,25 mm; e C = <0,0625 mm. Foram aplicados seis tratamentos com 18 repetições para cada categoria: camarões juvenis, machos e fêmeas. Cada indivíduo foi exposto por 24 horas aos seis tipos de substrato, simultaneamente, e o seu comportamento foi observado nas fases clara e escura do dia. A natação ocorreu principalmente na fase escura e o enterramento, na fase clara, no substrato IV. Os camarões juvenis e adultos (machos ou fêmeas) preferem o substrato composto de areia fina e muito fina (0,0625–0,25 mm), tanto para permanência quanto para enterramento

Etnoconhecimento e percepção dos povos pesqueiros da Reserva Ponta do Tubarão acerca do ecossistema manguezal

The preservation of traditional uses of mangrove is maintained in the fishing communities of the Ponta do Tubarão Sustainable Development Reserve (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável RDS), located in Rio Grande do Norte State. These communities have a history of combat against the predatory actions of the mangrove and the creation of the reserve started from the population itself. This study aimed to investigate the environmental perception of the fishing communities of Ponta do Tubarão RDS with respect to the mangroves in a biological, ecological and social perspective as well as evaluate the influence of the reserve in the mangrove conservation and quality life. Data were collected through direct observation, and opened and semi-structured interviews (n = 262). The content analysis found the interviewed persons have a strong sense of topophilia with mangroves, have a high dependence on its resources and have a good understanding of its ecological and biological functions. The reserve has a good performance in term of mangrove conservation, however, there is a need to outline strategies to conciliate both the biological and cultural conservation.Os usos tradicionais do manguezal são preservados nas comunidades pesqueiras inseridas na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) Ponta do Tubarão, localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Essas comunidades apresentam um histórico de luta contra as ações predatórias do manguezal e a criação da reserva partiu da própria população. Este trabalho investiga a percepção ambiental das comunidades pesqueiras da RDS Ponta do Tubarão acerca do manguezal sob uma perspectiva biológica, ecológica e social; bem como avalia a influência da reserva na conservação do manguezal e qualidade de vida da população. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação direta e entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas (n=262). A análise de conteúdo evidenciou que os entrevistados apresentam um sentimento de topofilia com o manguezal, uma alta dependência dos seus recursos e detêm um bom conhecimento das suas funções ambientais. A reserva apresenta uma boa atuação na conservação do manguezal, entretanto, precisam ser traçadas estratégias para conciliar conservação biológica e cultural

Sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil

Heterobranch sea slugs (Gastropoda) present reduction, internalization, or absence of shell, and include more than 6,000 described species. Approximately 250 species are recorded from Brazil but only 14 had been previously recorded from Rio Grande do Norte, on the Brazilian northeastern coast. As a result of different expeditions conducted between 2008 and 2020, species were collected and identified. Among them, five species were recorded for the first time from the South Atlantic Ocean: Chelidonura hirundinina (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833); Sclerodoris prea (Ev. Marcus &amp; Er. Marcus, 1967); Thuridilla malaquita Ortea &amp; Buske, 2014; Berthella nebula Ghanimi, Schrödl, Goddard, Ballesteros, Gosliner &amp; Valdés, 2020 and Berthella vialactea Ghanimi, Schrödl, Goddard, Ballesteros, Gosliner &amp; Valdés, 2020. Thirty-six species are recorded for the first time from Rio Grande do Norte. The present survey expands the knowledge of the diversity of sea slugs from Brazil and supports the hypothesis of similarity between the heterobranch sea slug fauna from the northeastern Brazil and the Caribbean Sea

Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Ecosystem engineering species create, modify, and/or maintain the characteristics of the environment. The polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata builds large sand reefs in the intertidal region of the Brazilian coast with high structural complexity, favoring the increase of diversity and interactions among the species associated. However, there are no studies concerning the association of polychaetes with crustacean macrofauna in the northeastern Brazil ecoregion, leaving an information gap on baseline biodiversity. Our aim was to analyze the effect of P. caudata colonies (PC) on the local diversity of macrocrustaceans compared to the rocky shore (RS) microhabitat. Monthly collections were carried out in low tide from September 2015 to August 2016 on 10 × 10 m quadrants for fauna and environmental variables (temperature and salinity) samples. In each microhabitat, the capture effort was two hours by two researchers. We collected 3,390 individuals, 60% associated with the colonies of PC and 40% with the RS. The PC obtained higher Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness and species richness coupled with milder water temperature and salinity conditions (minor air exposure during tide), compared to the RS that obtained greater species dominance and more extreme abiotic conditions (major air exposure). The Porcellanidae family stood out because all its species were highly abundant and had high occurrence in the colonies. The tropical Brazil porcelain crab Pachycheles greeleyi was dominant in both microhabitats (major dominance in PC). The structural complexity in the reefs of PC promoted higher availability of niches for the species, as more shelter for the resident species and refugium for temporary species with preference for more complex microhabitats. Conservation managers should prioritize the health of these colonies and subsequent species that constitute important ecosystemic and fishery resources

Ambidexter symmetricus Manning &amp;amp; Chace, 1971 (Decapoda, Processidae): first record for Rio Grande do Norte and overview of the species distribution on the Brazilian coast

We present the first record of Ambidexter symmetricus Manning &amp;amp; Chace, 1971 for the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil, filling a distribution gap of this species in the country. We confirm the preference of this species for seagrass meadows in the Curimata&amp;uacute; river estuary. Lastly, a brief overview and an updated distribution map for the records of this species on the Brazilian coast are provided

Moderators of ayahuasca’s biological antidepressant action

IntroductionThe understanding of biological responses to psychedelics with antidepressant potential is imperative. Here we report how a set of acute parameters, namely emotional (depressive symptoms), cognitive (psychedelic experience), and physiological (salivary cortisol), recorded during an ayahuasca dosing session, modulated serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serum cortisol (SC), serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), and salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR).MethodsResults were analyzed 2 days after the psychedelic intervention (ayahuasca) versus placebo in both patients with treatment-resistant depression and healthy volunteers. These measures were assessed as part of a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (n = 72).ResultsResults revealed that larger reductions of depressive symptoms during the dosing session significantly moderated higher levels of SC in patients. Whereas lesser changes in salivary cortisol levels during the ayahuasca intervention were related to higher BDNF levels in patients with a larger clinical response in the reduction in depressive symptoms. No moderator was found for patient’s CAR, IL-6, and CRP responses to ayahuasca and for all biomarker responses to ayahuasca in healthy controls and in the placebo group.DiscussionIn summary, some specific emotional and physiological parameters during experimental ayahuasca session were revealed as critical moderators of the improvement of major depression biomarkers, mainly BDNF and SC two days after ayahuasca intake. These findings contribute to paving the way for future studies investigating the biological antidepressant response to psychedelic therapy

Influence of depth on the growth of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (Rhodophyta) in a shrimp pond

This study evaluates the influence of depth and environmental parameters on the development of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae) in an organic shrimp pond. The macroalgae was cultivated on modules placed at three depths (surface, 10 and 20 cm depth). Growth rates were measured weekly based on variation in fresh weight during 35 days. G. birdie showed the greatest productivity (35.7%) at 10 cm, followed by 20 cm (33.4%) and surface (25.3%). Average SGR values were 0.36±0.57% d-1(surface) 0.38±0.96% d-1 (10 cm) and 0.38 ±0.54% d-1(20 cm), over the study period. The biomass variation of G. birdiae showed significant difference among the three depths. The correlations generated by multiple regressions demonstrated that analyzed environmental parameters explain from 62 to 67 % of G. birdiae growth