The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission River Database (SWORD): A Global River Network for Satellite Data Products

The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission, planned to launch in 2022, is the first mission to focus on measuring hydrological processes in Earth's surface water. As such, SWOT will vastly expand observations of global rivers ≥100 m wide. SWOT will provide a variety of data products, including a global vector river product containing water surface elevation (WSE), width, slope, and estimated discharge. Practical application and consistency of the SWOT vector products requires a prior global river network database divided into reaches. Here, we introduce the SWOT River Database (SWORD). SWORD will serve as the framework for the SWOT river vector products consisting of river reaches (∼10 km long) and nodes (∼200 m spacing). We generate SWORD by combining several global river- and satellite-related data sets into one congruent product. When defining river reaches, we incorporate natural and human-created river obstructions, basin boundaries, tributary junctions, and SWOT orbit track information. SWORD contains a total of 213,485 reaches and 10.7 million nodes. Globally, 77.3% of river reach lengths are between 10 and 20 km with a median reach length of 10.5 km. 95% of river reaches ≥10 km will have sufficient SWOT observations to provide discharge estimates at least once per orbit cycle. SWORD also contains many useful hydrologic and morphological attributes and is designed to be expandable in the future. Even before the launch of SWOT, it can serve as a framework for global hydrologic analyses using models, in situ measurements, and additional satellite observations

Further evidence for superterminal raindrops

A network of optical disdrometers (including laser precipitation monitors and a two‐dimensional video disdrometer) was utilized to determine whether the recent reports of “superterminal” raindrops were spurious results of drop breakup occurring on instrumentation. Results unequivocally show that superterminal raindrops at small (less than 1 mm) sizes are ubiquitous, are measurable over an extended area, and appear in every rain event investigated. No evidence was found to suggest that superterminal drops are the result of drop breakup due to impact with the measurement instrument; thus, if the superterminal drops are the result of drop fragmentation, this fragmentation happens in the ambient atmosphere during all rain events measured in this study. The ubiquity of superterminal drops at small drop sizes raises natural questions regarding rain accumulation estimations, estimates of drop size distributions, and erosion characterization

A video guide of five access methods to the splenic flexure: the concept of the splenic flexure box

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe all the possible approaches for laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization (SFM), each suitable for specific situations, and create an illustrated system to show SFM approaches in an easy and practical way to make it easy to learn and teach. Methods: Two different phases. First part: Cadaver-based study of the colonic splenic flexure anatomy. In order to demonstrate the different approaches, a balloon was placed through the colonic hepatic flexure in the lesser sac without sectioning any of the fixing ligaments of the splenic flexure. Second part: A real case series of laparoscopic SFM. Results: First part: 11 cadavers were dissected. Five potential approaches to SFM were found: anterior, trans-omentum, lateral, medial infra-mesocolic, and medial trans-mesocolic. The illustrative system developed was named: Splenic Flexure “Box”(SFBox). Second part: One of the types of SFM described in first part was used in five patients with colorectal cancer. Each laparoscopic approach to the splenic flexure was illustrated in a video accompanied by illustration aids delineating the access. Conclusion: With the cadaver dissection and subsequent demonstration in real-life laparoscopic surgery, we have shown five types of laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization. The Splenic Flexure “Box” is a useful way to learn and teach this surgical maneuver

Formalina: quem usa conhece? Estudo do conhecimento de enfermeiros sobre formaldeído

The methods of sterilization are considerably important in the decrease of the ocurrence of hospital infection, therefore they must be well know and their effectiveness must be proved. The chemical method of sterilization using formalin is controversial. The objective of this paper is to analize how much the nurses of a School Hospital in Porto Alegre know about formalin and why it is still being used. It has been concluded that are discrepancies between what the staff that was studied knows about formalin and bibliografy. It hes been also concluded that, in spite of having little knowledge about the method, the staff that was studied gave many reasons for using it.Os métodos de esterilização tem relevante importância na diminuição da ocorrência de infecção hospitalar, devendo portanto ser bem conhecidos e de eficácia comprovada. O método químico de esterilização através da formalina é controvertido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros de um hospital de ensino de Porto Alegre a respeito da formalina, e por que ainda é utilizado este método. Concluiu-se que existem controvérsias quanto ao conhecimento sobre a formalina na população estudada e na bibliografia. Concluímos também que apesar do escasso conhecimento sobre o método, a população estudada o utiliza e justifica seu uso de diversas formas

Fonnalin: do the professionals who. use it know it? Study about the infonnation nurses have about formalin

Os métodos de esterilização tem relevante importância na diminuição da ocorrência de infecção hospitalar, devendo portanto ser bem conhecidos e de eficácia comprovada. O método qufmico de esterilização através da formalina é controvertido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar o conhecimento dos en• fermeiros de um hospital de ensino de Porto Alegre a respeito da formalina, e por que ainda é utilizado este método. Concluiu-se que existem controvérsias quanto ao conhecimento sobre aformalina na popula· ção estudada e na bibliografia. Concluímos também que apesar do escasso conhecimento sobre o método a população estudada o utiliza e justifica seu uso de diversas formas.Tlze methods of sterilization are considerably important in the decrease of the ocurrence of hospital infection, therefore they must be well known and their effectiveness must be proved. The chemical method of sterilization using formalin is controversial. The objective o.f this paper is to analize how much the nurses of a School Hospital in Porto Alegre know about formalin and why it is still being used. It has been concluded that are discrepancies between what the staff that was studied knows about forma/in and the bibliography. It has been also concluded that, in spite of having little knowledge about the method, the staff that was studied gave many reasons for using it