Developmental psychopathology: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), formerly regarded as a typical childhood disorder, is now known as a developmental disorder persisting over the lifespan. Starting in preschool-age, symptoms vary depending on the age group affected.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>According to the variability of ADHD-symptoms and the heterogeneity of comorbid psychiatric disorders, a broad review of recent studies was performed. These findings were summarized in a developmental psychopathological model, documenting relevant facts on a timeline.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on a genetic disposition and a neuropsychological deregulation, there is evidence for factors which persist across the lifespan, change age-dependently, or show validity in a specific developmental phase. Qualitative changes can be found for children in preschool-age and adults.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These differences have implications for clinical practice as they can be used for prevention, diagnostic proceedings, and therapeutic intervention as well as for planning future studies. The present article is a translated and modified version of the German article "Entwicklungspsychopathologie der ADHS", published in <it>Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie</it>, 56, 2008, S. 265-274.</p

Verschlüsselung von verbaler Information bei schwachen und normalen Rechtschreibern

Es wird untersucht, wie Kinder unterschiedlicher Rechtschreibfähigkeit verbale Information verarbeiten. Die Hypothesen basieren auf neueren Ergebnissen der Gedächtnisforschung, in denen die akustische Kodierung im Kurzzeitgedächtnis und die semantische Verschlüsselung im Langzeitgedäthtnis lokalisiert wird. Je 35 normale und schwache Rechtschreiber des 3. und 4. Schuljahres nahmen an einem Behaltensexperiment teil. 10 Wortlisten wurden als Wiedererkennungstest vorgegeben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß normale Rechtschreiber und Legastheniker voraussichtlich unterschiedliche Strategien bei der Speicherung verbaler Information anwenden

Einstellungsmessung

Einstellungen im Bereich der Musik können unterschiedlich konkret gefaßt werden. So kann man die Haltung gegenüber der Musik, gegenüber bestimmten Musikrichtungen oder einer konkreten Musikdarbietung analysieren; man könnte auch Details der Musikdarbietung, die Interpretation oder den musikalischen Rahmen bewerten lassen. Darüber hinaus könnte man überprüfen, ob sich allgemein oder bei bestimmten Musikrezipienten über die Zeit spezifische Neigungen herausbilden. (DIPF/Orig.

The relation between school phobia, school apathy, effort avoidance and grades in Mathematics and German

Die Studie hat den Zusammenhang zwischen Schulangst/Schulunlust, der schulbezogenen Anstrengungsvermeidung und den Schulnoten in Mathematik und Deutsch untersucht. Dabei wurde überprüft, ob der Zusammenhang zwischen Schulangst bzw. Schulunlust auf der einen Seite und den Schulnoten auf der anderen Seite über die schulbezogene Anstrengungsvermeidung mediiert wird. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen Prüfungsangst und der Mathematiknote bzw. Manifester Angst und der Deutschnote für Jungen vollständig über die schulbezogene Anstrengungsvermeidung mediiert wird. Der Befund konnte durch eine nonparametrische Bootstrapping-Methode abgesichert werden. Für Mädchen erklären sowohl die Schulangst als auch die schulbezogene Anstrengungsvermeidung die Mathematiknote in ähnlichem Maße. Für Schulunlust konnten keine vergleichbaren Zusammenhänge mit der Anstrengungsvermeidung und den Schulnoten bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass sich eine Schulangst bei Jungen ohne ein Vermeidungsverhalten nicht negativ auf die Mathematiknote auswirkt, während bei Mädchen bereits ein negativer Einfluss von Prüfungsangst auf die Mathematiknote besteht. Darüber hinaus deuten sie darauf hin, dass ein Motivationstraining und eine angstreduzierende Lernumgebung dazu beitragen können, die Schulnoten von Schülerinnen und Schülern zu steigern. Die Ergebnisse sind relevant, da wenig darüber bekannt ist, welche Prozesse den Zusammenhang zwischen Schulangst und Schulnoten bestimmen. (DIPF/Orig.)The study investigated the relation between school phobia/school apathy, school-related effort avoidance and school grades in mathematics and German. In this context, it was examined whether the relation between school phobia or school apathy, on the one hand, and school grades, on the other, could be mediated by school-based effort avoidance. Results confirmed that, for boys, the relation between exam nerves and school grades in mathematics and between manifest phobia and school grades in German was fully mediated by school-related effort avoidance. These results could be confirmed by non-parametric bootstrapping. As for girls, the grades in mathematics are to a similar degree explained by both school phobia and school-based effort avoidance. With regard to school apathy, no comparable links between effort avoidance and school grades could be confirmed. These results indicate that boys\u27 grades in mathematics are not negatively affected by school phobia without avoidance behavior, whereas for girls exam nerves alone already have a negative impact on their grades in mathematics. Moreover, results suggest that motivational training and a learning environment designed to reduce fear may help improve the school grades achieved by students. These results are relevant as little is known about the processes that determine the relation between school phobia and school grades. (DIPF/Orig.

HBV and HCV genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis

HBV and HCV genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis are at risk for infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). As peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMNC) are known to be susceptible to infection of both HBV and HCV, assessment of viral genomes in those cells could uncover occult infections not detected by serologic methods or virus determination in serum. We investigated all 67 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis at a single dialysis unit by PCR for the presence of HBV or HCV genomes in serum as well as in PMNC. None of the 67 patients was HBsAg positive or showed HBV-DNA in serum, but in 5 patients HBV-DNA in PMNC was detected as the only marker of HBV-infection; those patients were also anti-HBc negative. In 9 patients HCV-RNA was positive in serum; in 5 of those patients it was also found in PMNC. Three of these infected patients were negative for anti-HCV. One other patient had no anti-HCV or HCV-RNA in serum, but was positive for HCV-RNA in PMNC. Thus, in 6 patients (8.9%) undergoing chronic hemodialysis we found evidence of infection with HBV or HCV by detecting viral genomes in PMNC without the presence of viremia, antigenemia or specific viral antibodies in serum. The detection of viral genomes in PMNC could be useful in the positive identification of additional potentially infectious patients

The German fibromyalgia consumer reports - a cross-sectional survey

Background: Consumer surveys provide information on effectiveness and side effects of medical interventions in routine clinical care. A report of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) consumers has not been carried out in Europe. Methods: The study was carried out from November 2010 to April 2011. Participants diagnosed with FMS rated the effectiveness and side effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological FMS interventions on a 0 to 10 scale, with 10 being most efficacious (harmful). The questionnaire was distributed by the German League for people with Arthritis and Rheumatism and the German Fibromyalgia Association to their members and to all consecutive FMS patients of nine clinical centers of different levels of care. Results: 1661 questionnaires (95% women, mean age 54 years, mean duration since FMS diagnosis 6.8 years) were analysed. The most frequently used therapies were self-management strategies, prescription pain medication and aerobic exercise. The highest average effectiveness was attributed to whole body and local warmth therapies, thermal bathes, FMS education and resting. The highest average side effects were attributed to strong opioids, local cold therapy, gamma-amino-butyric acid analogues (pregabalin and gabapentin), tramadol and opioid transdermal systems. Conclusion: The German fibromyalgia consumer reports highlight the importance of non-pharmcological therapies in the long-term management of FMS, and challenges the strong recommendations for drug therapies given by FMS-guidelines

Endobronchial Valve (Zephyr) Treatment in Homogeneous Emphysema:One-Year Results from the IMPACT Randomized Clinical Trial

RATIONALE: The long-term safety and effectiveness of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with Zephyr endobronchial valves in subjects with severe homogeneous emphysema with little to no collateral ventilation beyond 3 months have yet to be established. METHODS: Ninety-three subjects were randomized to either bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with Zephyr valves or standard of care (SoC) (1:1). Zephyr valve subjects were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months. SoC subjects were assessed at 3 and 6 months; they were then offered crossover to Zephyr valve treatment. RESULTS: The mean group difference (Zephyr valve − SoC) for change in FEV1 from baseline to 6 months was 16.3 ± 22.1% (mean ± SD; p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes showed the mean between-group difference for the six-minute walk distance of +28.3 ± 55.3 m (p = 0.016); St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, −7.51 ± 9.56 points (p < 0.001); modified Medical Research Council, −0.42 ± 0.81 points (p = 0.019); BODE index, −0.85 ± 1.39 points (p = 0.006); and residual volume of −430 ± 830 mL (p = 0.011) in favor of the Zephyr valve group. At 6 months, there were significantly more responders based on the minimal clinically important difference for these same measures in the Zephyr valve versus the SoC group. The clinical benefits were persistent at 12 months. The percentage of subjects with respiratory serious adverse events was higher in the Zephyr valve group compared to SoC during the first 30 days post-procedure but not statistically different for the Zephyr valve and SoC groups from 31 days to 6 months, and stable in the Zephyr valve group out to 12 months. There were 2 deaths in the SoC group in the 31-day to 6-month period and none in the Zephyr valve group out to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with Zephyr valves in subjects with severe homogeneous emphysema and little to no collateral ventilation provides clinically meaningful change from baseline in lung function, quality of life, exercise capacity, dyspnea, and the BODE index at 6 months, with benefits maintained out to 12 months

Theory of the 2S-2P Lamb shift and 2S hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen

The 7 standard deviations between the proton rms charge radius from muonic hydrogen and the CODATA-10 value from hydrogen spectroscopy and electron-scattering has caused considerable discussions. Here, we review the theory of the 2S-2P Lamb shift and 2S hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen combining the published contributions and theoretical approaches. The prediction of these quantities is necessary for the determination of both proton charge and Zemach radii from the two 2S-2P transition frequencies measured in muonic hydrogen.Comment: 20 pages with 3 Tables summarising the contributions to the muonic hydrogen Lamb shift and hyperfine splittin