Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

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Dentre as técnicas aplicadas em produção de vídeo digital estão as aplicadas para combinação de vídeos. Estas técnicas consistem na substituição de objetos e da colagem dos mesmos em uma outra seqüência. Um dos problemas apresentados por técnicas convencionais de combinação de vídeos é o número de cuidados a priori que devem ser tomados na produção do vídeo que será processado. Outro problema relacionado a combinação de vídeos ocorre quando se deseja editar um vídeo que não foi produzido com cuidados a priori. Neste caso, os objetos são recortados manualmente, o que pode se tornar inviável, devido a grande quantidade de quadros da seqüência. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma ferramenta computacional que faça combinação de vídeos, sem as desvantagens apresentadas acima. Os objetivos de interesse são segmentados através da aplicação do paradígma de Beucher-Meyer, uma técnica aplicada em segmentação de imagens que provê a detecção exata das bordas dos objetos apartir de um conjunto de marcadores, reduzindo o problema de segmentação ao problema de se encontrar marcadadores para objetos a serem segmentados. Estes marcadores são encontrados através da aplicação de operadores 'aperture', projetados portécnicas de aprendizado computacional. Após a introdução, seguem um capítulo sobre fundamentos da morfologia matemática e um capítulo sobre segmentação morfológica e filtros conexos, onde o paradígma de Beucher-Meyer será apresentado. Em seguida, são apresentados os operadores aperture, bem como o projeto destes operadores por aprendizado computacional. É apresentada, então, a metodologia proposta para segmentação de seqüências de imagens, bem como alguns resultados da aplicação desta metodologia em seqüências de imagens em níveis de cinza e em seqüências de imagens coloridasAmong the techniques applied to digital video edition are the video mixing ones. These techniques consist in the substitution of objects in a video sequence by curtting these objects and pasting them in another sequence. One problem related to usual video mixing thecniques is the number of special cares supposed when the sequence is filmed. Another problem related to video mixing occurs when the edition of a sequence filmed without a priori cares is desired. In this case, the objects are cut manually, and this task can be impracticable, due the excessive number of frames in the sequence. The goal of this work is to propose a computational tool to make video mixing, without the disavantege pointed above. The desired objects are segmented through the Beucher-Meyer paradigm application, a technique used in image segmentation to provide an exact border detection of the objects, given a set of markers, reducing the segmentation problem to the finding markers one. These markers are founf through application of aperture operators, design by computational learning. Following the introduction, are a chapter bout the mathematical morphology basis and another chpater bout morphological segmentation and connected filters. The Beucher-Meyer will be presented in this chapter. The nixt two chapters introduce the aperture operator and its design by computational learning. Finally, the proposed methodology is introduced, as well some results of application to this methodology in both grayscale and color image sequence

Watershed from propagated markers improved by a marker binding heuristic

Watershed from propagated markers is a generic method to inter- active segmentation of objects in image sequences. It consists in a combination of classical watershed from markers with motion esti- mation techniques. In order to improve the watershed from prop- agated markers technique, this paper introduces a marker binding heuristic. It consists in the imposition of pairs of markers along the border of the object of interest and both markers in a pair, the internal and external ones, must be propagated by the same displacement vector computed from the regions delimited by the pair.Pages: 313-32

Watershed from propagated markers improved by a marker binding heuristic

Watershed from propagated markers is a generic method to inter- active segmentation of objects in image sequences. It consists in a combination of classical watershed from markers with motion esti- mation techniques. In order to improve the watershed from prop- agated markers technique, this paper introduces a marker binding heuristic. It consists in the imposition of pairs of markers along the border of the object of interest and both markers in a pair, the internal and external ones, must be propagated by the same displacement vector computed from the regions delimited by the pair

Incidencia de retinopatía en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus que acuden al departamento de oftalmologia del hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso Mayo-Junio 1994

En el estudio realizado hemos podido determinar que la gran mayoría de pacientes; antes del diagnóstico de Retinopatía Diabética tuvieron un tiempo de evolución de las diabetes de aproximadamente de 10 a 14 años, de los cuales en la mayor parte correspondiente al tipo de Retinopatía Diabética de fondo. Así también el sexo femenino es el más afectado a diferencia del sexo masculino. En cuanto a la edad la gran mayoría de pacientes afectados por los diferentes tipos y grados de Retinopatía Diabética se encontraron entre 50 a 70 años; personas que tenían una procedencia urbana, disposición de servicios básicos de infraestructura sanitaria, y que además en la gran mayoría se dedicaba a los quehaceres domésticos fueron afectadas en mayor porcentaje. Cabe anotar que estos mismos pacientes en un porcentaje considerable tuvieron instrucción primaria incompleta, y un mínimo porcentaje de instrucción superior. Al examen oftalmológico, tanto el ojo izquierdo como el derecho son afectados en similar proporción; los resultados de 20/50 dioptrías correspondieron al mayor número de pacientes. Al referirnos al tratamiento, la mayoría de pacientes que padecía de Diabetes Mellitus, se encontraban a dieta, de allí la importancia de educarlos correctamente para prevenir las complicaciones de la enfermedad; también los diabéticos orales son utilizados por un número considerable de pacientes para el control de la enfermedad en un menor porcentaje los pacientes se encontraron recibiendo insulina, y por último el tratamiento a seguir cuando ya está instalada la Retinopatía Diabética y el daño ocular es evidente se utiliza los rayos láser (Fotocoagulación) en una mejor proporción ya que los factores como costo, falta de control oftalmológico entre otros, no permite el acceso de este tratamiento en pacientes de recursos socioeconómicos y culturales deficientes, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros paísesIn the study we have been able to determine that the vast majority of patients; before the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy had a time of evolution of diabetes of about 10 to 14 years, of which at most corresponds to the type of background diabetic retinopathy. So the female is most affected unlike male. In terms of age the majority of patients with different types and grades of diabetic retinopathy were between 50 to 70 years; people with an urban origin, provision of basic health infrastructure, and also in most of the housework was engaged were affected to a greater percentage. It should be noted that these same patients had a significant percentage incomplete primary education, and a minimum percentage of higher education. The eye examination, both the left and the right eye are affected in similar proportions; 20/50 diopters results corresponded to more patients. When referring to the treatment, most patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus, were on a diet, hence the importance of educating them properly to prevent complications of the disease; also oral diabetics are used by a significant number of patients for disease control in a lower percentage of patients found on insulin, and ultimately treatment to continue when diabetic retinopathy and eye damage is already installed it is evident is uses laser (photocoagulation) in better proportion as factors as cost, lack of ophthalmological control among others, does not allow access to this treatment in patients with poor socio-economic and cultural resources, unlike what happens in other countriesDoctor en Medicina y CirugíaCuenc

Mensuração da velocidade de deslocamento de corpos rígidos em tempo real por análise de sequência de imagens e pela transformação empírica baseada nas funções racionais

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia voltada para mensurar a velocidade de um corpo rígido em movimento, tendo como ponto de partida, uma sequência de imagens obtidas por meio de uma filmadora digital. No processo de mensuração da velocidade, na etapa de identificação dos corpos em movimento, é utilizada uma técnica de segmentação baseada na média temporal dos valores de cada pixel registrados em N quadros de imagens consecutivos, em que, após a identificação desses corpos, é realizada a transformação dos pontos no plano imagem para o espaço objeto, por meio do modelo matemático definido como funções racionais. Conhecendo-se as coordenadas dos pontos no espaço objeto, a velocidade de deslocamento do corpo pode ser calculada, através do intervalo de tempo obtido pela quantidade de quadros que a câmara captura por segundo. Para validar a metodologia proposta foi realizado um experimento que contou com a utilização de um aparelho denominado trilho de ar, cinco sensores fotoelétricos dispersos sobre o mesmo com distancias conhecidas entre si e um cronômetro ligado aos sensores. No momento em que um corpo em movimento passa por um sensor, o cronômetro é paralisado e com isso, se tem a distância percorrida pelo corpo entre cada sensor e, quanto tempo foi necessário para percorrer cada uma dessas distâncias. Com esses dados em mãos é realizada uma comparação dos resultados obtidos por meio da análise de sequência de imagens com os resultados obtidos através dos cronômetros e dos sensores fotoelétricos

Efectividad de especies naturales como ayudantes de Coagulación, para la clarificación de aguas turbias en épocas de avenidas en caseríos y centros poblados de Huaraz y Callejón de Huaylas

The populations that consume water from water sources must guarantee a good qualityfor their consumption, for that reason the objective was to evaluate the effectivenessof natural species as coagulation aids for the clarification of turbid waters that aregenerated in times of floods in the LLullan rivers, Paria and Chucchun. The appliedmethodology: Collection of coagulants, jar test and determination of optimal dosesand pH. Natural coagulants such as mashua, potato, tara, penca and wheat were used,which were added to the sample in the jar test, obtaining a dose of 45 mg/l at awater pH of 7,5 with concentrations of 5,3%, obtaining important removal values forturbidity parameters and total dissolved solids. When evaluating the efficiency, it wasverified that there is removal of turbidity below the norm, with efficiency values of89,9% for mashua, potato, tara, penca and wheat coagulants, the coagulants reachedthe removal of dissolved solids up to 89% in the tare and a minimum of 13,5% in thewheat value required by the standard. Therefore, it is possible to use natural inputsas coagulants for the clarification of surface waters during rainy seasons and to makethem drinkable and suitable for human consumptionLas poblaciones que consumen agua de fuentes hídricas deben garantizar una buena calidad para su consumo, por ello se tuvo por objetivo evaluar la efectividad de especies naturales como ayudantes de coagulación para la clarificación de aguas turbias que se generan en épocas de avenidas en los ríos LLullan, Paria y Chucchun. La metodología aplicada: Recolección de los coagulantes, Test de jarras y determinación de dosis optimas y pH. Se utilizó coagulantes naturales como la mashua, papa, tara, penca y trigo, que se añadieron a la muestra en el ensayo de test de jarras, obteniéndose una dosis de 45 mg/l a un pH de agua de 7,5 con concentraciones de 5,3% obteniéndose valores de remoción importantes para los parámetros de turbiedad y solidos disueltos totales.Al evaluar la eficiencia se comprobó que existe remoción de turbiedad por debajo de la norma, con valores de eficiencia de 89,9% para los coagulantes de mashua, papa, tara, penca y trigo, los coagulantes alcanzaron la remoción de solidos disueltos de hasta el 89% en la tara y un mínimo de 13,5% en el trigo valor exigido por la norma. Por tanto, es posible utilizar insumos naturales como coagulantes para la clarificación de aguas superficiales en épocas de lluvias y pode potabilizarlas y ser aptas para consumo human