Analyse von spontanen und mechanisch evozierten Kalziumsignalen in kultivierten humanen suburothelialen Myofibroblasten

Harnblase. Weiterhin bestärkt die beobachtete Kopplung die Hypothese, dass das Myofibroblastennetzwerk afferente Signale Verstärken und modulieren kann. Die Verbesserung des Verständnisses der Harnblasenfunktion ist von grundlegendem Interesse für die Behandlung von Miktionsstörungen. Eine Störung von mechanischer Stimulierbarkeit und Kopplung der suburothelialen Myofibroblasten kann eine Störung der Sensorik der Harnblase plausibel erklären und stellt einen neuen Therapieansatz dar.:1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 2 Einführung 2.1 Hintergrund 2.2 Anatomische und physiologische Grundlagen der Harnblasenfunktion 2.2.1 Aufbau der Harnblasenwand 2.2.2 Terminologie und Klassifikation interstitieller Zellen der Harnblase 2.2.3 Phänotypisierung der suburothelialen Myofibroblasten 2.2.4 Funktionsweise der Myofibroblasten 2.2.5 Innervation des unteren Harntraktes und neuronale Kontrolle der Harnblasenfunktion 2.2.6 Lokale sensorische Netzwerke der Harnblase 3 Aufgabenstellung 4 Material und Methoden 4.1 Gewinnung und Zellkultur suburothelialer Myofibroblasten 4.2 Lösungen und Chemikalien 4.3 Calcium imaging 4.4 Datenanalyse 4.4.1 Erzeugung der FI-Ratio Datensätze 4.4.2 Automatische Fluoreszenz-Signal-Analyse 4.5 Aufbau und Anordnung der Experimente 4.5.1 Spontanaktivität 4.5.2 Mechanische Stimulation mittels Glasmikropipette 4.5.3 Mechanische Stimulation durch Scherstress 4.5.4 Hypoosmolare Stimulation 5 Ergebnisse 5.1 Spontane Kalziumaktivität humaner suburothelialer Myofibroblasten 5.2 Mechanische Stimulierbarkeit durch Druck mittels Glasmikropipette 5.2.1 Intrazelluläre Ausbreitung mechanisch induzierter Kalziumsignale 5.2.2 Interzelluläre Ausbreitung mechanisch induzierter Kalziumsignale in kultivierten humanen suburothelialen Myofibroblasten 5.3 Mechanische Stimulierbarkeit durch Scherstress 5.4 Mechanische Stimulierbarkeit durch osmotischen Stress 6 Diskussion 6.1 Beobachtete Kalziumsignale suburothelialer Myofibroblasten 6.2 Bedeutung der mechanischen Stimulierbarkeit 6.3 Identifikation der stretch-activated channels 6.4 Bedeutung der interzellulären Kopplung 6.5 Konzept zur Rolle der suburothelialen Myofibroblasten 6.6 Methodischer und experimenteller Ansatz 6.6.1 Selbst entwickelte Fluoresence Analysis Software 6.6.2 Methoden der mechanischen Stimulierbarkeit 6.7 Pathophysiologische Aspekte 7 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 8 Literaturverzeichnis 9 Anlagen 9.1 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 9.2 Lebenslauf 9.3 Publikationen 9.4 Danksagun

Study of arcing processes in circuit breakers by means of spatially resolved magnetic field recordings

Magnetic field measurements performed on a circuit breaker in order to study the switching arc processes are presented. Characteristic for these measurements is the spatial two-dimensional recording of the magnetic field with simultaneous high temporal resolution. A sensor head was developed for this purpose, which records the magnetic flux density in an area of 42 mm x 60 mm with a spatial resolution of 12 x 24 measuring points. A highly integrated sensor chip based on the Hall effect was used for the design. The configurability of this sensor chip makes it possible to adapt the time resolution to the measurement task, always in compromise with the amplitude resolution and the number of field components to be measured. Measurements with a sampling rate of 80 kHz were conducted. Also, with the sampling rate reduced to 25 kHz, three axis measurements could be performed. By combining two sensor heads into one measuring system, it was possible to perform simultaneous measurements at the two contacts of a low-voltage circuit breaker with double breaker. As a result, both slow and fast changes in the magnetic field caused by the arcing process were recorded and visualized. The changes in the field distribution measured with the two sensor heads correlated well with the respective arc voltage. With the help of such magnetic field measurements, study of the arcing processes in low-voltage switchgear should be made possible without interference of the arc itself

Polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzoisoindole core

By the combination of 9a-azaphenalene and a perpendicularly oriented acene, we have synthesized three derivatives of a series of novel, fully-conjugated nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), namely [7,8]naphtho[2′,3′:1,2]indolizino[6,5,4,3-def]phenanthridine, with an acetylene triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), phenyl or benzothiophenyl substituent. Their optoelectronic properties were studied via UV-Vis-NIR absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. In addition, in situ spectroelectrochemistry was performed to investigate the optical and magnetic properties of the mono-radical cation and anion by quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction of 11-(tert-butyl)-5,17-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)[7,8]naphtho[2′,3′:1,2]indolizino[6,5,4,3-def]phenanthridine (1a). Theoretical modelling confirmed the predominately closed-shell electronic ground state with a weak diradical character depending on the geometry

Preoperative Imaging with [F-18]-Fluorocholine PET/CT in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disorder due to hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. To date, the only curing therapy is surgical removal of the dysfunctional gland, making correct detection and localization crucial in order to perform a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. F-18-Fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18-FCH PET/CT) has shown promising results for the detection of pHPT, suggesting superiority over conventional imaging with ultrasounds or scintigraphy. A total of 33 patients with pHPT who had negative or equivocal findings in conventional imaging received F-18-FCH PET/CT preoperatively and were retrospectively included. A pathological hyperfunctional parathyroid gland was diagnosed in 24 cases (positive PET, 72.7%), 4 cases showed equivocal choline uptake (equivocal PET, 12.1%), and in 5 cases, no enhanced choline uptake was evident (negative PET, 15.2%). Twelve of the twenty-four detected adenoma patients underwent surgery, and in all cases, a pathological parathyroid adenoma was resected at the site detected by PET/CT. Two of the six patients without pathological choline uptake who received a parathyroidectomy revealed no evidence of parathyroid adenoma tissue in the histopathological evaluation. This retrospective study analyzes F-18-FCH PET/CT in a challenging patient cohort with pHPT and negative or equivocal conventional imaging results and supports the use of F-18-FCH for the diagnosis of hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue, especially in this patient setting, with a 100% true positive and true negative detection rate. Our study further demonstrates the importance of F-18-FCH PET/CT for successful surgical guidance

Influence of Solder Pads to PERC Solar Cells for Module Integration

AbstractThe majority of screen printed solar cells has silver pads at the rear side to enable soldering for the module manufacturing. The pads increase the recombination at the silicon/metal interface due to the absence of a back surface field (BSF) at the solder pads. This reduces the efficiency of full-area Al-BSF solar cells. For passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC), a large area fraction of the rear side is covered with the passivation layer. When using specially designed Ag pastes for the rear side of PERC cells, the passivation of this layer is maintained, and the rear recombination is reduced.A comparison of solar cells with and without solder pads confirms that there is no loss in solar cell performance, both cell types achieve an efficiency of 19.6%. We investigate the influence of solder pads to PERC solar cells by calculating the effective rear surface recombination. The calculations confirm that there is a loss in open circuit voltage of less than 2mV due to the solder pads.A 54-cell PERC PV module is manufactured. The cell-to-module loss reveals that the module process is still to be optimized. Comparable modules made from 9 solar cells lost less than 1% relative in all J-V parameters after a 1000h damp-heat test

In search of the authentic nation: landscape and national identity in Canada and Switzerland

While the study of nationalism and national identity has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the conditions under which natural environments acquire significance in definitions of nationhood. This article examines the identity-forming role of landscape depictions in two polyethnic nation-states: Canada and Switzerland. Two types of geographical national identity are identified. The first – what we call the ‘nationalisation of nature’– portrays zarticular landscapes as expressions of national authenticity. The second pattern – what we refer to as the ‘naturalisation of the nation’– rests upon a notion of geographical determinism that depicts specific landscapes as forces capable of determining national identity. The authors offer two reasons why the second pattern came to prevail in the cases under consideration: (1) the affinity between wild landscape and the Romantic ideal of pure, rugged nature, and (2) a divergence between the nationalist ideal of ethnic homogeneity and the polyethnic composition of the two societies under consideration