Analyse lexicale outillée de la parole transcrite de patients schizophrènes

International audienceThis article details the results of analyses we conducted on the discourse of schizophrenic patients, at the oral production (disfluences) and lexical (part-of-speech and lemmas) levels. This study is part of a larger project, which includes other levels of analyses (syntax and discourse). The obtained results should help us rebut or identify new linguistic evidence participating in the manifestation of a dysfunction at these different levels. The corpus contains more than 375,000 words, its analysis therefore required that we use Natural Language Processing (NLP) and lexicometric tools. In particular, we processed disfluencies and parts-of-speech separately, which allowed us to demonstrate that if schizophrenic patients do produce more disfluencies than control, their lexical richness is not significatively different.Cet article détaille les résultats d'analyses réalisées sur la transcription d'entretiens avec des patients schizophrènes, aux niveaux de la production orale (disfluences) et du lexique (morpho-syntaxe et lemmes). L'étude s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet plus large qui prévoit d'autres niveaux d'analyse (syntaxique et du discours), les résultats obtenus devant nous permettre de réfuter ou d'identifier de nouveaux indices linguistiques présents dans la manifestation d'un dysfonctionnement à ces différents niveaux. Le corpus traité contient plus de 375~000 mots, son analyse a donc nécessité l'utilisation d'outils de traitement automatique des langues (TAL) et de textométrie. Nous avons en particulier séparé le traitement des disfluences du traitement lexical, ce qui nous a permis de montrer que si les schizophrènes produisent davantage d'achoppements et de répétitions (disfluences) que les témoins, la richesse de leur lexique n'est pas significativement différente

Are Algae Relevant to the Detritus-Based Food Web in Tank-Bromeliads?

We assessed the occurrence of algae in five species of tank-bromeliads found in contrasting environmental sites in a Neotropical, primary rainforest around the Nouragues Research Station, French Guiana. The distributions of both algal abundance and biomass were examined based on physical parameters, the morphological characteristics of bromeliad species and with regard to the structure of other aquatic microbial communities held in the tanks. Algae were retrieved in all of the bromeliad species with mean densities ranging from ∼102 to 104 cells/mL. Their biomass was positively correlated to light exposure and bacterial biomass. Algae represented a tiny component of the detrital food web in shaded bromeliads but accounted for up to 30 percent of the living microbial carbon in the tanks of Catopsis berteroniana, located in a highly exposed area. Thus, while nutrient supplies are believed to originate from wind-borne particles and trapped insects (i.e., allochtonous organic matter), our results indicate that primary producers (i.e., autochtonous organic matter) are present in this insectivorous bromeliad. Using a 24-h incubation of size-fractionated and manipulated samples from this plant, we evaluated the impact of mosquito foraging on algae, other microorganisms and rotifers. The prey assemblages were greatly altered by the predation of mosquito larvae. Grazing losses indicated that the dominant algal taxon, Bumilleriopsis sp., like protozoa and rotifers, is a significant part of the diet of mosquito larvae. We conclude that algae are a relevant functional community of the aquatic food web in C. berteroniana and might form the basis of a complementary non-detrital food web

The ANTENATAL multicentre study to predict postnatal renal outcome in fetuses with posterior urethral valves: objectives and design

Abstract Background Posterior urethral valves (PUV) account for 17% of paediatric end-stage renal disease. A major issue in the management of PUV is prenatal prediction of postnatal renal function. Fetal ultrasound and fetal urine biochemistry are currently employed for this prediction, but clearly lack precision. We previously developed a fetal urine peptide signature that predicted in utero with high precision postnatal renal function in fetuses with PUV. We describe here the objectives and design of the prospective international multicentre ANTENATAL (multicentre validation of a fetal urine peptidome-based classifier to predict postnatal renal function in posterior urethral valves) study, set up to validate this fetal urine peptide signature. Methods Participants will be PUV pregnancies enrolled from 2017 to 2021 and followed up until 2023 in >30 European centres endorsed and supported by European reference networks for rare urological disorders (ERN eUROGEN) and rare kidney diseases (ERN ERKNet). The endpoint will be renal/patient survival at 2 years postnatally. Assuming α = 0.05, 1–β = 0.8 and a mean prevalence of severe renal outcome in PUV individuals of 0.35, 400 patients need to be enrolled to validate the previously reported sensitivity and specificity of the peptide signature. Results In this largest multicentre study of antenatally detected PUV, we anticipate bringing a novel tool to the clinic. Based on urinary peptides and potentially amended in the future with additional omics traits, this tool will be able to precisely quantify postnatal renal survival in PUV pregnancies. The main limitation of the employed approach is the need for specialized equipment. Conclusions Accurate risk assessment in the prenatal period should strongly improve the management of fetuses with PUV

Application des réactions de métathèse et de palladation à la synthèse nucléosidique

Depuis maintenant 40 ans, les analogues de nucléosides sont au centre de la recherche antivirale. Parmi tous les composés synthétisés, on trouve des nucléosides insaturés (d4T, d4FC, néplanocine A, abacavir) qui présentent un large spectre d activité (anti-VIH, anti-VBH, anti-HSV). Malgré tout, l apparition de résistances et l expression de toxicités vis-à-vis de ces molécules sont des problèmes majeurs qui font que le développement de nouveaux composés insaturés reste d actualité. Dans cette optique, les réactions de métathe se (RCM, CM) sont des outils puissants pour former des liaisons C=C et les réactions catalysées au Pd permettent de réaliser de nombreuses modifications structurales. Dans cette thèse, nous rapportons l utilisation de ces deux réactions pour la synthèse de nouveaux analogues de nucléosides (acyclonucléosides, analogues de L-Néplanocine). Nous décrivons également l accès à de nouveaux hétérocycles de type oxazolopyrimidine testés pour leurs activités antivirales.ORLEANS-BU Sciences (452342104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Highly Efficient AgNO3-Catalyzed Preparation of Substituted Furanopyrimidine Nucleosides [cf. (III)].

International audienceAn efficient method for the synthesis of substituted ­furanopyrimidine nucleosides is described. Upon treatment with catalytic AgNO3, 5-alkynyl uracil derivatives were almost quanti­tatively converted into their corresponding bicyclic nucleoside ­analogues

La modélisation Agent pour le Génie Civil

International audienceL’intelligence artificielle est souvent assimilée aux seuls modèles d’apprentissage automatique (machine/deep learning). Il s’agit pourtant d’un champ disciplinaire plus riche proposant un panel de méthodes variées capables de répondre à de nombreuses problématiques. Parmi ces méthodes, les modèles Agent (ABM) sont particulièrement intéressants, notamment pour la modélisation et la simulation des systèmes sociaux et sociaux-techniques. Ils permettent, au travers d’une modélisation et une simulation explicite et naturelle des entités constitutives des systèmes et de leurs interactions de faciliter la compréhension du système et de l’explorer. C’est ainsi un outil particulièrement adapté aux approches de modélisation et de simulation participatives. Nous proposons dans cet article de présenter ce type de modèle issu de l’IA, en revenant sur ses principes, ses forces et faiblesses. Nous présenterons ensuite trois applications aux domaines du génie civil : SMACC (simulation de projet de construction), Li-BIM (modélisation des comportements des occupants d’un bâtiment) et MANA-Flo (sensibilisation à la gestion du risque inondation)

Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel acyclic nucleosides in the 5-alkynyl- and 6-alkylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine series

International audienceThe synthesis of novel acyclic nucleosides in the 5-alkynyl and 6-alkylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine series is described. These compounds were evaluated against HIV and HSV in order to determine their spectrum of antiviral activity. Their cytotoxicities against PBM, CEM and VERO cells were also determined. Compounds 21d and 24b displayed moderate EC50s of 2.7 and 4.9 microM, respectively, against HIV-1 and of 6.3 and 4.8 microM, respectively, against HSV. Nevertheless, these compounds also showed cellular toxicity, suggesting that the antiviral effects are secondary to the toxic effects