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Organizational and Methodological Influence of Risk Management in Projects

Project risk management is essential to managers’ decision making and business success, because it allows the manager to identify, analyse  and  decide  on the most appropriate way to respond to different adversities that may arise during the development of new products, services, processes, projects, continuous improvement, etc. This requires a mind-set that risks have a major influence on the bottom line and use analytical methods or risk management software. It is essential to integrate the entire organizational structure into risk mitigation intervention. The purpose of this paper is to address some of the important topics to consider for well implemented and successful risk management. An approach is taken at both organizational and methodological levels. Keywords: Risk management, PMBOK, Stakeholders, Methods, New product developmen

Repeated evolution of blanched coloration in a lizard across independent white-sand habitats

The White Sands lizards of New Mexico are a rare and classic example of convergent evolution where three species have evolved blanched coloration on the white gypsum dunes. Until now, no geological replicate of the pattern had been described. However, one of the White Sands species, the lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata), has been discovered to also inhabit the Salt Basin Dunes of Texas, where it has also evolved a blanched morph. We here present a first phenotypic and genetic description of the Salt Basin Dunes population of H. maculata. Phylogenetic inference based on a housekeeping gene (ND4) and a classic candidate gene in the melanin-synthesis pathway (Melanocortin 1 Receptor; Mc1r) shows the newly discovered population as an independent lineage, with no evidence of genetic parallelism in the coding region of Mc1r. Initial morphological data suggest that while this population displays convergent evolution in blanched coloration, there are divergent patterns in limb length and habitat use behavior between the gypsum environments. Our findings present the White Sands/Salt Basin Dunes as an exceptionally promising comparative model for studies of adaptation and convergent evolution

Production of pellets by pharmaceutical extrusion and spheronisation, part I: evaluation of Technological and formulation variables

O processo de peletização consiste na aglomeração por via úmida de pós de uma substância ativa e excipientes sob a forma de unidades esféricas. Estas unidades esféricas, denominadas pela expressão anglo-saxônica pellets, diferem de grânulos obtidos pelo processo clássico de granulação no que respeita às características físicas conseguidas. Um dos processos de peletização usualmente empregado para a produção de pellets consiste em duas operações unitárias fundamentais: a extrusão e a esferonização. O presente trabalho pretende apresentar uma revisão da técnica de extrusão e esferonização para produção de pellets farmacêuticos abordando as implicações dos aspectos tecnológicos e de formulação que envolvem este processo.The pelletisation process consists of the agglomeration of fine powders of a drug substance and excipients into spherical units. These units are referred as pellets and differ from those obtained from the granulation process in terms of their physical characteristics. One of the pelletisation processes usually applied for production of pellets comprising an active drug is based on two fundamental unit operations: extrusion and spheronisation. The present work intends to describe and revise the literature of the so-called extrusion and spheronisation process regarding the implication of the technological and formulation parameters in the production of pellets

Population structure in Quercus suber L. revealed by nuclear microsatellite markers

Quercus suber L. is a sclerophyllous tree species native to the western Mediterranean, a region that is considered highly vulnerable to increased temperatures and severe dry conditions due to environmental changes. Understanding the population structure and demographics of Q. suber is essential in order to anticipate whether populations at greater risk and the species as a whole have the genetic background and reproductive dynamics to enable rapid adaptation. The genetic diversity of Q. suber has been subject to different studies using both chloroplast and nuclear data, but population structure patterns remain unclear. Here, we perform genetic analyses on Q. suber using 13 nuclear microsatellite markers, and analysed 17 distinct locations across the entire range of the species. Structure analyses revealed that Q. suber may contain three major genetic clusters that likely result from isolation in refugia combined with posterior admixture and putative introgression from other Quercus species. Our results show a more complex structure scenario than previously inferred for Q. suber using nuclear markers and suggest that different southern populations contain high levels of genetic variation that may contribute to the resilience of Q. suber in a context of environmental change and adaptive pressureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Production of pellets by pharmaceutical extrusion and spheronisation. Part II: physical characterisation of pellets

O processo de peletização, abordado na Parte I, consiste na aglomeração por via úmida de pós de uma substância ativa e excipientes sob a forma de unidades esféricas denominadas por pellets. Os pellets diferem de grânulos não apenas pela técnica utilizada para a produção, mas também no que respeita as características físicas conseguidas. O presente trabalho, o segundo de uma série de dois, apresenta uma revisão das características físicas e das técnicas para a caracterização física de pellets farmacêuticos abordando as principais necessidades posteriores a produção dessas multi-unidades, nomeadamente revestimento com película, enchimento de cápsulas, compressão, manuseamento, armazenamento e transporte.The pelletisation process described in Part I consists of the wet agglomeration of fine powders of a drug substance and excipients into spherical units referred as pellets. Pellets differ from granules in terms of the production process and the physical characteristics. The current work, the second part of a series of two, intends to describe and revise the literature of the evaluation and characterisation of active drug pellets regarding the needs of postproduction of the units namely, film coating, capsule filling, compression, handling, storing and shiping

Haplotype diversity patterns in Quercus suber (Fagaceae) inferred from cpDNA sequence data

Chloroplast genome diversity in cork oak (Quercus suber) is characterised by the occurrence of haplotypes that are akin to those found in other Mediterranean oak species, particularly in Q. ilex and Q. rotundifolia, suggesting the possible presence of an introgressed chloroplast lineage. To further investigate this pattern, we reconstructed chloroplast haplotypes by sequencing four chloroplast markers (cpDNA), sampled across 181 individuals and 10 taxa. Our analyses resulted in the identification of two diversified chloroplast haplogroups in Q. suber, corresponding to a geographically widespread lineage and an Afro-Iberian lineage. Time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses of cpDNA point to a Miocene origin of the two haplogroups in Q. suber, suggesting that the Afro-Iberian lineage was present in cork oak before the onset of glaciation periods. The persistence of the two haplogroups in the western part of the species distribution range may be a consequence of either ancient introgression events or chloroplast lineage sorting, combined with different fixation in refugia through glaciation periods. Our results provide a comprehensive insight on the origins of chloroplast diversity in these ecologically and economically important Mediterranean oaks.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Population structure, adaptation and divergence of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae), revealed by genomic and morphological data

Understanding patterns of population differentiation and gene flow in insect vectors of plant diseases is crucial for the implementation of management programs of disease. We investigated morphological and genome-wide variation across the distribution range of the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Aphrophoridae), presently the most important vector of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., 1987 in Europe. We found genome-wide divergence between P. spumarius and a very closely related species, P. tesselatus Melichar, 1899, at RAD sequencing markers. The two species may be identified by the morphology of male genitalia but are not differentiated at mitochondrial COI, making DNA barcoding with this gene ineffective. This highlights the importance of using integrative approaches in taxonomy. We detected admixture between P. tesselatus from Morocco and P. spumarius from the Iberian Peninsula, suggesting gene-flow between them. Within P. spumarius, we found a pattern of isolation-by-distance in European populations, likely acting alongside other factors restricting gene flow. Varying levels of co-occurrence of different lineages, showing heterogeneous levels of admixture, suggest other isolation mechanisms. The transatlantic populations of North America and Azores were genetically closer to the British population analyzed here, suggesting an origin from North-Western Europe, as already detected with mitochondrial DNA. Nevertheless, these may have been produced through different colonization events. We detected SNPs with signatures of positive selection associated with environmental variables, especially related to extremes and range variation in temperature and precipitation. The population genomics approach provided new insights into the patterns of divergence, gene flow and adaptation in these spittlebugs and led to several hypotheses that require further local investigation.Peer reviewe