Aplicação do princípio do melhor interesse da criança pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça de 2001 a 2018

No presente trabalho examina-se o conjunto de 20 acórdãos do Superior Tribunal de Justiça que, no período de 2001 a fevereiro de 2018, citam o princípio do melhor interesse da criança como apoio decisório, segundo pesquisa no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal. O escopo do trabalho foi verificar se há uniformidade no critério utilizado pelos ministros quando aplicam o princípio, bem como avaliar se o uso atendeu a uma necessidade real de fundamentação jurídica ou se foi caso de simples argumento retórico de reforço, sendo, então, desnecessário. Dos 20 acórdãos examinados, somente em quatro se contatou a necessidade ou adequação do princípio. A conclusão que se chega é de que é preciso estabelecer um procedimento claro para aplicação técnica do princípio, sob risco do desgaste hermenêutico deste, que tem como efeito esvaziá-lo de sua força. A pesquisa é basicamente jurisprudencial e de análise qualitativa, uma vez examinados e avaliados os acórdãos segundo sua lógica de fundamentação.

Cryptococcus neoformans em torres de igrejas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Cryptococcosis has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Aids. Many reservoirs of the agent Cryptococcus neoformans have been reported, but the ecology of this yeast must be elucidated in order to establish surveillance programs and to prevent infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. neoformans in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil. Ten churches were selected for sampling and detection of the yeast collecting pigeon dropping, air samples from church towers and neighboring areas during one year. The data demonstrated that C. neoformans has been present in every church selected and was present in 37.8% of 219 pigeon dropping samples. As well as, the yeast was isolated from soil, insects, eggs, pigeon nests and feathers. Fifteen air samples (4.9%) were positive. The growth on C.G.B. medium showed that all strains belonged to C. neoformans var. neoformans, with 98.8% of the strains belonging to serotype A.Cryptococcus neoformans é um fungo que ocasiona micose de alta morbidade e mortalidade, especialmente em pacientes com Aids. Muitos reservatórios de C. neoformans têm sido relatados, mas a ecologia desta levedura deve ser ainda elucidada para se estabelecer programas de vigilância e prevenção desta infecção. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a presença de C. neoformans no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Dez igrejas foram selecionadas para este estudo, coletando-se fezes de pombo, amostras de ar, das torres das igrejas e de áreas vizinhas, durante um ano. Os resultados revelaram que C. neoformans estava presente em todas as igrejas e em 37,8% das 219 amostras das excretas das aves. Ao mesmo tempo, o fungo foi isolado do solo, insetos, ovos e ninhos de pombos. Quinze (4,9%) do total das amostras de ar foram positivas. O crescimento no meio de CGB revelou que todas as amostras pertenciam a C. neoformans var. neoformans, e 98,8% destas amostras pertenciam ao sorotipo A

Standard Electrocardiographic Data of Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)

Background:Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) are wild suiformes that belong to the Tayassuidae family. Electrocardiography is an important technique for cardiovascular evaluation. Analysis of various intervals, segments, complexes and waveforms of electrocardiographic (ECG) traces aids in the diagnosis of cardiac alterations and in the differentiation of congenital and acquired heart diseases from physiological cases. However, in wild animal medicine, the various patterns of normality and the evaluation of electrical traces associated with heart disease have not yet been sufficiently elucidated. The purpose of this study was to characterize the electrocardiographic (ECG) traces of peccaries sedated using ketamine and xylazine.Materials, Methods & Results:Fourteen healthy adult animals that were subjected to digital ECG examination were used. Animals with evidence of systemic diseases, cardiovascular abnormalities (murmurs or arrhythmias), or any degree of valve insufficiency observed on echocardiogram and animals that exhibited excessive stress during the examination were excluded from the study. All animals presented with a normal sinus rhythm. A combination of 15 mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride and 3 mg/kg of midazolam maleate was applied intramuscularly for chemical immobilization. The animals were manipulated after 15 min, when the onset of the anaesthetic effect was verified, for a duration of 45 min, and no reinforcement dose was necessary to complete the electrocardiographic examination.  No significant differences were observed in the P-wave duration, PR interval and QT interval between genders (P > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the amplitudes of the P and R waves between males and females (P > 0.05). The observed P waves were small, monophasic and positive. The QRS complex was positive in the DI, DII, DIII, aVF, V4 and V10 derivations and negative in the aVR, aVL, V1 and V2 derivations. In 71% of the animals, the T wave showed negative polarity in the DI, DII, DIII, aVL, aVF, and V10 derivations and positive polarity in the aVR, V1, V2 and V4 derivations. The ST segment was isoelectric in 100% of the animals. GraphPad Prism 7 (La Jolla, CA, USA) software was used to analyze the data, with non-parametric tests used to test for differences in the variables between the sexes. In these tests, a P-value of 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.Discussion:Although studies on the cardiac electrophysiology of wild animals have previously shown good results for several species, this is the first study concerning the standardization ECG traces for peccaries. However, due to the wild nature of these animals, their manipulation for handling and data collection purposes is only feasible under chemical containment, although other studies have used non-anaesthetized agoutis. It is not known to what extent these results may have been influenced by the effects of stress. Drugs used for this function may have direct effects on cardiac function. Therefore, the presumed normal ECG values, as well as the recognition of changes due to drug or iatrogenic interactions, are of fundamental importance.  This protocol provided high-quality anaesthetized peccary ECG traces, allowing reliable measurements of waves and intervals and assessment of the cardiac rhythm and heart rate. The surface registry digital ECG recording technique used with chemical containment allowed good monitoring and rapid acquisition and was well tolerated by the animals. 

Presumed Normal Hemodynamic Values of the Arteries in the Final Third Period of Gestation in Bitches

Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment, being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamically normal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, and prediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). These were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation. At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility (IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuses were evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocities and Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was an increase in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. The analysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time. For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental artery, similarly to the umbilical artery, the PSV and EDV values showed an increase between P1 and P2, while the S/D ratio decreased up to 60 days of gestation (P2). The IR and IP of these vessels decreased during the study interval in pregnant bitches. The studied variables showed a statistically significant difference when analyzed comparatively between P1 and P2 (P < 0.05). As for the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery, the PSV and EDV values increased until the end of pregnancy. Likewise, the Doppler velocimetric values and the S/D ratio decreased until the end of pregnancy (P2).Discussion: The hemodynamic values obtained for the umbilical artery and uterine artery were significantly different between 40 and 50 days of gestation (P1) and 50 and 60 days of gestation (P2), with a decrease in vascular resistance and an increase in velocities. It can be related to a greater association of maternal-fetal blood perfusion, due to the increased demand for the development of the fetus. The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) also showed changes between P1 and P2, with an increase in PSV and EDV in the final third of pregnancy, and the S/D ratio was reduced, differing significantly between P1 and P2. The systolic (PSV) and diastolic (EDV) flow velocities of the internal carotid artery increased progressively, while the IR, IP and the S/D ratio decreased, between the evaluated periods (P1 and P2), providing greater flow in canine fetuses, maintaining normal heart rate, indicating positive fetal viability. Keywords: Doppler, gestational ultrasound, bitches, fetal circulation, umbilical artery, internal carotid, fetal middle cerebral artery

Tromboembolismo em artéria femoral direita de um felino: análise dopplervelocimétrica

O tromboembolismo arterial é definido como a formação de um trombo na circulação sanguínea, que se desloca e provoca a obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo no interior de uma artéria. Essa obstrução pode causar lesões isquêmicas em diversos órgãos, de acordo com a sua localização. A artéria femoral é um dos principais vasos na perfusão dos membros pélvicos de felinos e trombos nessa região podem comprometer a função desse membro. O presente estudo teve como objetivo relatar a análise dos parâmetros Doppler de um felino com tromboembolismo em artéria femoral direita em estágio avançado e com indícios de isquemia. A ultrassonografia Doppler demonstrou um estreitamento do lúmen dos vasos e velocidade reduzida no interior da artéria femoral, sugerindo um quadro de tromboembolismo. A ultrassonografia Doppler foi um método eficaz na detecção e no prognóstico de tromboembolismo da artéria femoral de um felino

Tromboembolismo em artéria femoral direita de um felino: análise dopplervelocimétrica

O tromboembolismo arterial é definido como a formação de um trombo na circulação sanguínea, que se desloca e provoca a obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo no interior de uma artéria. Essa obstrução pode causar lesões isquêmicas em diversos órgãos, de acordo com a sua localização. A artéria femoral é um dos principais vasos na perfusão dos membros pélvicos de felinos e trombos nessa região podem comprometer a função desse membro. O presente estudo teve como objetivo relatar a análise dos parâmetros Doppler de um felino com tromboembolismo em artéria femoral direita em estágio avançado e com indícios de isquemia. A ultrassonografia Doppler demonstrou um estreitamento do lúmen dos vasos e velocidade reduzida no interior da artéria femoral, sugerindo um quadro de tromboembolismo. A ultrassonografia Doppler foi um método eficaz na detecção e no prognóstico de tromboembolismo da artéria femoral de um felino

Green maize intercropped with cowpea under different irrigation depths and phosphorus doses

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de milho verde (Zea mays) e de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata), cultivados em consórcio, a lâminas de irrigação e doses de fósforo. Os experimentos foram realizados em 2008 e 2009, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 25 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco lâminas de irrigação, a 70, 110, 140, 180 e 220% da evapotranspiração da cultura, e de cinco doses de P2O5 a 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200% da dose de P recomendada. O milho foi semeado no espaçamento 0,80x0,40 m, e o feijão-caupi foi semeado dentro das linhas entre as plantas de milho. Não houve efeito das doses de P2O5; porém, a resposta às lâminas de irrigação foi quadrática em milho e linear em feijão-caupi. As máximas produtividades técnicas de espigas de milho verde com palha (10,76 Mg ha-1) e sem palha (7,62 Mg ha-1) foram obtidas com a lâmina de 530 mm, intermediária às lâminas referentes a 180 e 220% da evapotranspiração da cultura. A maior produtividade de grãos verdes de feijão-caupi (3,40 Mg ha-1) foi obtida com a maior lâmina de água aplicada, de 644 mm.The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of green maize (Zea mays) intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to irrigation depths and phosphorus doses. The experiments were carried out in 2008 and 2009 in a randomized block design, with 25 treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of five irrigation depths at 70, 110, 140, 180 and 220% of the crop evapotranspiration, and of five doses of P2O5: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the recommended P dose. Maize was sown at 0.80x0.40 m spacing, and cowpea was planted inside the lines among maize plants. There was no effect of P2O5doses, but the response to irrigation depths was quadratic for maize and linear for cowpea. The maximum technical yield of green ears of maize with straw (10.76 Mg ha-1) and without straw (7.62 Mg ha-1) was obtained with 530 mm depth, intermediary to the 180 and 220% of the crop evapotranspiration. The highest cowpea green grain (3.40 Mg ha-1) was obtained with the highest water depth, of 644 m

Milho verde e feijão‑caupi cultivados em consórcio sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e doses de fósforo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of green maize (Zea mays) intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to irrigation depths and phosphorus doses. The experiments were carried out in 2008 and 2009 in a randomized block design, with 25 treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of five irrigation depths at 70, 110, 140, 180 and 220% of the crop evapotranspiration, and of five doses of P2O5: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the recommended P dose. Maize was sown at 0.80x0.40 m spacing, and cowpea was planted inside the lines among maize plants. There was no effect of P2O5doses, but the response to irrigation depths was quadratic for maize and linear for cowpea. The maximum technical yield of green ears of maize with straw (10.76 Mg ha-1) and without straw (7.62 Mg ha-1) was obtained with 530 mm depth, intermediary to the 180 and 220% of the crop evapotranspiration. The highest cowpea green grain (3.40 Mg ha-1) was obtained with the highest water depth, of 644 mmO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de milho verde (Zea mays) e de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata), cultivados em consórcio, a lâminas de irrigação e doses de fósforo. Os experimentos foram realizados em 2008 e 2009, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 25 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco lâminas de irrigação, a 70, 110, 140, 180 e 220% da evapotranspiração da cultura, e de cinco doses de P2O5 a 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200% da dose de P recomendada. O milho foi semeado no espaçamento 0,80x0,40 m, e o feijão-caupi foi semeado dentro das linhas entre as plantas de milho. Não houve efeito das doses de P2O5; porém, a resposta às lâminas de irrigação foi quadrática em milho e linear em feijão-caupi. As máximas produtividades técnicas de espigas de milho verde com palha (10,76 Mg ha-1) e sem palha (7,62 Mg ha-1) foram obtidas com a lâmina de 530 mm, intermediária às lâminas referentes a 180 e 220% da evapotranspiração da cultura. A maior produtividade de grãos verdes de feijão-caupi (3,40 Mg ha-1) foi obtida com a maior lâmina de água aplicada, de 644 mm

Comparative Study of the Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) and the Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) in Healthy Poodle Breed dogs

Background: Veterinary cardiology has been widely divulged, especially because of the search for diagnostic methods that allow early identification of heart disease in companion animals. Several techniques are available, such as digital radiography (DR), computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) that are being applied to patients with various diseases. VHS has been widely used in clinical practice in veterinary medicine as a way to diagnose heart size increases in lateral thoracic radiography in small animals. Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is a predictive factor for cardiac insufficiency in humans. In veterinary medicine, this index is still little used. The objective of the present study was to compare the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) to assess changes in the size of the cardiac silhouette dogs in thoracic radiographs.Materials, Methods & Results: The VHS and CTR of forty healthy poodle breed dogs (20 males and 20 females) from University Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Piauí were assessed. The animals were placed in supine and lateral decubitus, to obtain radiographic images in dorsoventral (DV) and right and left laterolateral projections of the thoracic region. The images acquired on the photosensitive radiographic chassis were analyzed by digital radiographic image system installed in the Image Diagnosis Service of the University Veterinary Hospital -HVU/UFPI. VHS (Vertebral Heart Scale) measurements were taken using the sum of the heart length and heart width at its greatest diameter, comparing with the vertebral bodies from the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4). The CTR was assessed by comparing the greatest width of the heart silhouette and the distance between the thoracic walls at height T8. The heart width was measured from the two greatest distances (ML and MR), from the vertical line that divides the limit between the right and left sides of the heart, at the point of its greatest diameter. Similarly, the thoracic width was measured at the point of greatest thoracic diameter (MTD). The mean of the VHS and CTR in the males was 9.83 ± 0.85v and 0.48 ± 0.05, respectively. The females showed values of 9.65 ± 0.65v and 0.50 ± 0.03, respectively (P > 0.05). The mean of the VHS and CTR, considering males and females, was 9.72 ± 0.73v and 0.48 ± 0.04, respectively. VHS and weight correlated positively (r = 0.96), as the CTR and weight (r = 0.94). VHS and age showed high correlation (r = 0.96) as CTR and age (r = 0.93). VHS and CTR showed high correlation (r = 0.96).Discussion: Although congenital malformations and genetic diseases can occur, the acquired heart diseases correspond to most of the complications found in dogs. VHS increases considerably 6 to 12 months before the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). The poodles studied, considering the universe of males and females (P < 0.05), presented mean VHS values of 9.72 ± 0.73v. Similarly, there was no significant difference between genders for VHS measured in right and left decubitus in normal dogs. The cardiothoracic ratio measured for the poodles studied showed mean values of 0.48 ± 0.05. In humans, values below 0.5 are considered normal, while values above this may indicate the presence of cardiomegaly. The CTR is intimately related to the volume of the left ventricle and CTR values above 0.5 in humans are pathological. Our results demonstrated that VHS and CTR showed strong correlation in their measurements, suggesting that CTR, constantly used in humans, could be considered as a tool to assess the size of the heart silhouette in dogs of the poodle breed