Approches de la lecture dans l’enseignement supérieur français

Les comportements de lecture des étudiants en France sont inséparables de l'évolution de l'enseignement sur les plans tant sociologique que pédagogique. Ils constituent un indicateur important de la vie universitaire. L'appartenance à une discipline détermine en effet des pratiques très spécifiques chez les étudiants comme chez leurs enseignants. En liaison avec les caractéristiques sociales et intellectuelles antérieures des étudiants, les attentes disciplinaires expliquent la diversité de leurs attitudes et de leurs performances en matière de lecture. On relève en outre chez de nombreux étudiants une nette séparation entre la lecture personnelle et la lecture prescrite. Cet écart est ressenti diversement dans les différents groupes d'étudiants et pose la question de l'intervention de l'institution universitaire dans la formation culturelle de ses publics.The reading behavior of students in France appears to follow the evolution of the sociological and pedagogical aspects of teaching. These behaviors are an important indicator of university life. Specific practices of both students and teachers are related to the discipline from which they emanate. The author notes that the diversity of students' attitudes and reading performance is related to their social and intellectual characteristics as well as to the expectations of their discipline. For many students there appears to be a clear separation between personal reading and reading that is assigned. This difference allows for various interpretations for different groups of students, and leads the author to question the role of the university in the cultural education of its students.Los hàbitos de lectura de los estudiantes franceses son inseparables de la evolucion de la ensefianza tanto en el piano sociologico como en el psicolôgico. Dichos hâbitos constituyen un indicador importante de la vida universitaria. La pertenencia a una disciplina efectivamente détermina practicas especificas tanto en los estudiantes como en sus proiesores. Relacionadas con las caracteristicas sociales e intelectuales de los estudiantes, las expectativas con respecto a las disciplinas explican la diversidad de sus actitudes y de sus rendimientos en materia de lectura. Ademàs, en muchos estudiantes se encuentra una separaciôn neta entre la lectura personal y la lectura prescrita. Esta diferencia se manifiesta de manera diversa en los distintos grupos de estudiantes, planteando la cuestiôn de la intervèncion institucional en la formacion cultural de sus clientelas.Das Leseverhalten der Studenten in Frankreich ist mit der Entwicklung des Unterrichts sowohl auf soziologischer als auch auf padagogischer Ebene untrennbar verbunden. Dièse stellen einen wichtigen Anzeiger des Universitàtslebens dar. Die Zugehôrigkeit zu einer Fachrichtung bestimmt in der Tat sehr spezifische Tàtigkeiten bei den Studenten wie bei ihren Lehrkraften. Je nach der sozialen und intellektuellen Vorgeschichte der Studenten erklaren die Fachwunsche die Verschiedenheit ihrer Einstellung und ihrer Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der Lektùre. AufSerdem findet sich bei zahlreichen Studenten eine klare Trennung zwischen personlicher und Pflichtlekture. Dieser Unterschied wird in den verschiedenen Studentengruppen verschieden empfunden und stellt die Frage nach dem Eingreifen der Universitàt in der kulturellen Bildung ihrer Studenten

Butlen Max. Les politiques de lecture et leurs acteurs, 1980-2000

Proposant une vaste synthèse problématisée et remarquablement informée des diverses politiques de lecture élaborées et mises en œuvre en France au long des vingt dernières années du xxe siècle, l’ouvrage de Max Butlen – actuellement maître de conférences à l’université de Cergy-Pontoise et directeur adjoint de l’IUFM de Versailles – fera date à plusieurs titres. En effet, malgré l’importance des travaux récents dans le domaine des sciences de l’éducation, de la sociologie de la culture et de ..

Butlen Max. Les politiques de lecture et leurs acteurs, 1980-2000

Proposant une vaste synthèse problématisée et remarquablement informée des diverses politiques de lecture élaborées et mises en œuvre en France au long des vingt dernières années du xxe siècle, l’ouvrage de Max Butlen – actuellement maître de conférences à l’université de Cergy-Pontoise et directeur adjoint de l’IUFM de Versailles – fera date à plusieurs titres. En effet, malgré l’importance des travaux récents dans le domaine des sciences de l’éducation, de la sociologie de la culture et de ..

Time Changes with the Embodiment of Another’s Body Posture

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the perception of presentation durations of pictures of different body postures was distorted as function of the embodied movement that originally produced these postures. Participants were presented with two pictures, one with a low-arousal body posture judged to require no movement and the other with a high-arousal body posture judged to require considerable movement. In a temporal bisection task with two ranges of standard durations (0.4/1.6 s and 2/8 s), the participants had to judge whether the presentation duration of each of the pictures was more similar to the short or to the long standard duration. The results showed that the duration was judged longer for the posture requiring more movement than for the posture requiring less movement. However the magnitude of this overestimation was relatively greater for the range of short durations than for that of longer durations. Further analyses suggest that this lengthening effect was mediated by an arousal effect of limited duration on the speed of the internal clock system

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semi-analytic projection tool, targeted explicitly towards optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2--3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semi-analytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for $r > 0.003$ at greater than $5\sigma$, or, in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of $r < 0.001$ at $95\%$ CL.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, submitted to ApJ. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1907.0447

CMB-S4

We describe the stage 4 cosmic microwave background ground-based experiment CMB-S4

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

Abstract: CMB-S4—the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment—is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2–3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5σ, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL

Pierre Nicole, ou le rôle du maître

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