Robustness and Flexibility of GHOST

Dans les actes de AAAI Eleventh Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital EntertainmentInternational audienceGHOST is a framework to help game developers to model and implement their own optimization problems, or to simply instantiate a problem already encoded in GHOST. Previous works show that GHOST leads to high-quality solutions in some tens of milliseconds for three RTS-related problems: build order, wall-in placement and target selection. In this paper, we present two new problems in GHOST: pathfinding and resource allocation. The goal of this paper is to show the robustness of the framework, having very good results for a problem it is not designed for (pathfinding), and to show its flexibility, where it is easy to propose different models of the same problem (resource allocation problem)

A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

Complex graphs in biology : problems, algorithms and evaluation

Afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement d’un système biologique, il est nécessaire d’étudier les interactions entre les différentes entités qui le composent. Pour cela, on peut modéliser ces réseaux d’interactions biologiques sous la forme de graphes dont les sommets sont colorés. Une problématique commune consiste alors à rechercher un sous-graphe d’intérêt dans ces graphes pouvant comporter des milliers de sommets et d’arêtes. Dans ce manuscrit, on s’intéresse à deux problèmes conçus pour répondre à cette problématique. On présente tout d’abord un état de l’art sur le problème GRAPH MOTIF, pour lequel il existe une large littérature algorithmique, puis on réalise une étude algorithmique approfondie du problème MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE. Le problème MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE est une redéfinition plus précise d’un problème de la littérature qui avait été introduit dans le but de déterminer de novo la formule moléculaire de petites molécules inconnues. Alors que MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE est, tout comme le problème original, algorithmiquement difficile à résoudre même dans des classes d’arbres très contraints, cette nouvelle définition nous permet ainsi d’obtenir de nouveaux algorithmes d’approximation dans ces mêmes arbres contraints et même de trouver une nouvelle classe de graphes dans laquelle MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE se résout en temps polynomial. On montre également des résultats de complexité paramétrée pour ce nouveau problème, qu’on compare ensuite à ceux de la littérature pour le problème original sur des instances issues de données biologiques.In order to better understand how a biological system works, it is necessary to study the interactions between the different entities that compose it. To do this, we can model these biological interaction networks with graphs whose vertices are colored. A standard problem then consists in searching for a subgraph of interest in these graphs, which can include thousands of vertices and edges. In this manuscript, we are interested in two problems designed to address this issue. First of all, we present a state of the art on the GRAPH MOTIF problem, for which there exists a large algorithmic literature, then we carry out an in-depth algorithmic study of the MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE problem. The MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE problem is a more precise redefinition of a problem in the literature that had been introduced to determine de novo the molecular formula of unknown small molecules. While MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE is, like the original problem, algorithmically difficult to solve even in very constrained tree classes, this new definition allows us to obtain new approximation algorithms in these same constrained trees. It even allows us to find a new graph class in which MAXIMUM COLORFUL ARBORESCENCE is solved in polynomial time. We also show parameterized complexity results for this new problem, which we then compare to those in theliterature for the original problem on instances from biological data

On the Maximum Colorful Arborescence Problem and Color Hierarchy Graph Structure

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Algorithmic Aspects of the Maximum Colorful Arborescence Problem

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Validation of the Grassland Production Index, an Insurance Product Estimated at the National Scale, on a Dense Experimental Device

International audienceThis paper aims at comparing satellite-derived and in situ yearly variations of grassland production, over nine farms located in France. During three successive years (2016, 2017, 2018), a dense experimental device has allowed to characterize the variability of grassland production, through a regular survey conducted on more than 169 plots. Ranging from 4.1 to 11.2 t.ha -1 , the yearly production were derived from several tens of thousands of measurements, and combined to derive yearly variations of production. Such unique dataset was compared to a grassland production index, derived from the combined use of medium resolution satellite images and meteorological data. A high level of accuracy is observed between the in situ and the satellite-derived yearly variations of grassland production, with a R 2 of 0.76 and a maximum deviation of 16.3%. Finally, a focus on the maps obtained at the national level makes it possible to analyze the context of the 3 studied years

Non-stationary extreme value analysis applied to seismic fragility assessment for nuclear safety analysis

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Identifying uncertainty contributions to the seismic fragility assessment of a nuclear reactor steam line

International audienceIn nuclear applications, fragility curves are an essential element of the seismic probabilistic safety assessment that is performed at the level of the power plant. These statistical tools establish the link between the probabilistic seismic hazard loading at the site and the required performance of the plant's safety functions. In this context, the fragility model formalized by Kennedy & Ravindra (1984) proposes to account for the aleatory randomness and the epistemic uncertainty generated by various sources of variability, such as the representation of the seismic input or the assumptions in the structural model and in the loading patterns. Therefore, this study investigates the relative contributions of such variables to the dispersion of the resulting fragility functions, while ensuring the separation between aleatory and epistemic uncertainty sources, as advocated by the standards in effect in the nuclear industry. To this end, a coupled model of a supporting structure and an anchored steam line is considered and computed with the finite-element CAST3M software (Rahni et al., 2017). The failure criterion is related to the exceedance of a given effort value at a point of the steam line corresponding to a vertical stop. A coupled of hundreds of three-component ground-motion records are applied at the base of the model, in order to perform non-linear time-history analyses. The record selection follows the conditional spectrum method (Lin et al., 2013), in order to scale the records while ensuring the hazard consistency, through the identification of reference earthquake scenarios for each predefined hazard level. As a result, dozens of ground-motion parameters are tested as potential intensity measures (IMs), with respect to state-of-the-art indicators measuring efficiency or sufficiency. Some couples of ground-motion parameters are assembled as vector-valued IMs, in order to generate so-called fragility surfaces: these multi-variate functions may then be reinterpreted as single-IM fragility curves, where the conditional distribution of the secondary IM with respect to the main one generates additional confidence intervals for the fragility curve. It is thus shown that the aleatory randomness due to record-to-record variability may be partially transferred to an epistemic uncertainty contribution. This variability is then put in perspective with other sources of uncertainty due to modelling assumptions, such as the variability in the mechanical parameters of the model or the angle of loading of the seismic input

The development of spasticity with age in 4,162 children with cerebral palsy : a register-based prospective cohort study

Background and purpose — Spasticity is often regarded as a major cause of functional limitation in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We analyzed the spasticity development with age in the gastrosoleus muscle in children with CP. Children and methods — This is a longitudinal cohort study of 4,162 children (57% boys) with CP born in 1990–2015, monitored using standardized follow-up examinations in the Swedish surveillance program for CP. The study is based on 57,953 measurements of spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle assessed using the Ashworth scale (AS) in participants between 0 and 15 years of age. The spasticity was analyzed in relation to age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels using a linear mixed model. Development of spasticity with age was modeled as a linear spline. Results — The degree of spasticity increased in most children over the first 5 years of life. At 5 years of age, 38% had an AS level of ≥ 2. The spasticity then decreased for 65% of the children during the remaining study period. At 15 years of age only 22% had AS ≥ 2. The level of spasticity and the rate of increase and decrease before and after 5.5 years of age were higher in children at GMFCS IV–V. Interpretation — The degree of spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle often decreases after 5 years of age, which is important for long-term treatment planning and should be considered in spasticity management

Isolated Rupture of the Teres Major Muscle When Water Skiing: A Case Report and Literature Review

Isolated lesions to the teres major muscle are rare. They generally occur in patients participating in sports such as baseball, tennis, or boxing. We report the case of a sports patient who suffered an isolated injury to the teres major while water skiing. The clinical presentation was confirmed by MRI. Conservative treatment was chosen and consisted of brief analgesic immobilization, followed by rehabilitative treatment. The rapid recovery of this patient with normal isokinetic strength evaluation at 6 months was interesting for objectifying full muscle recovery. Our results and the data from the literature suggest that functional rather than surgical treatment is preferable in isolated lesions to the teres major muscle