Seasonal variation of mercury concentration of ancient olive groves of Lebanon

This study investigates the seasonality of the mercury (Hg) concentration of olive tree foliage, an iconic tree of the Mediterranean basin. Hg concentrations of foliage, stems, soil surface, and litter were analyzed on a monthly basis in ancient olive trees growing in two groves in Lebanon, Bchaaleh and Kawkaba (1300 and 672 m a.s.l. respectively). A significantly lower concentration was registered in stems (∼7–9 ng g−1) in comparison to foliage (∼35–48 ng g−1) in both sites, with the highest foliage Hg concentration in late winter–early spring and the lowest in summer. It is noteworthy that olive fruits also have low Hg concentrations (∼7–11 ng g−1). The soil has the highest Hg content (∼62–129 ng g−1) likely inherited through the cumulated litter biomass (∼63–76 ng g−1). A good covariation observed between our foliage Hg time series analysis and those of atmospheric Hg concentrations available for southern Italy in the western Mediterranean basin confirms that mercury pollution can be studied through olive trees. Spring sampling is recommended if the objective is to assess the trees' susceptibility to Hg uptake. Our study draws an adequate baseline for the eastern Mediterranean and the region with similar climatic inventories on Hg vegetation uptake, in addition to being a baseline to new studies on olive trees in the Mediterranean to reconstruct regional Hg pollution concentrations in the past and present.</p

Benzo(a)pyrene inhibits the role of the bioturbator Tubifex tubifex in river sediment biogeochemistry

International audienceThe interactions between invertebrates and micro-organisms living in streambed sediments often play key roles in the regulation of nutrient and organic matter fluxes in aquatic ecosystems. However, benthic sedi- ments also constitute a privileged compartment for the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs or PCBs that may affect the diversity, abundance and activity of benthic organisms. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of sediment contamination with the PAH benzo(a)pyrene on the in- teraction between micro-organisms and the tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex, which has been recognized as a major bioturbator in freshwater sediments. Sedimentary microcosms (slow filtration columns) contaminated or not with benzo(a)pyrene (3 tested concentrations: 0, 1 and 5 mg kg−1) at the sediment surface were in- cubated under laboratory conditions in the presence (100 individuals) or absence of T. tubifex. Although the surface sediment contaminations with 1 mg kg−1 and 5 mg kg−1 of benzo(a)pyrene did not affect tubificid worm survival, these contaminations significantly influenced the role played by T. tubifex in biogeochemical processes. Indeed, tubificid worms stimulated aerobic respiration, denitrification, dehydrogenase and hydrolytic activities of micro-organisms in uncontaminated sediments whereas such effects were inhibited in sediments polluted with benzo(a)pyrene. This inhibition was due to contaminant-induced changes in bioturbation (and especially bio-irrigation) activities of worms and their resulting effects on microbial processes. This study reveals the importance of sublethal concentrations of a contaminant on ecological processes in river sediments through affecting bioturbator-microbe interactions. Since they affect microbial processes involved in water purification processes, such impacts of sublethal concentrations of pollutants should be more often considered in ecosystem health assessment

Mineral magnetic characterization of the Upper Pleniglacial Nussloch loess sequence (Germany): an insight into local environmental processes

Presently, most loess/palaeosol magnetic susceptibility records are interpreted as following either the wind-vigour model or the pedogenic enhancement model. However redoxomorphic processes induced by waterlogging, often referred to gleying in the loess literature, are also known to alter loess deposits but their impact on loess/palaeosol magnetic susceptibility records has received little attention. The reported rock magnetic study aims to characterize the mineral magnetic response of loess to waterlogging-induced redoxomorphic processes, thus improving our understanding of mineral magnetic changes within loess deposits with respect to environmental and climate conditions. The Nussloch loess-palaeosol deposit (Rhine Valley, Germany) was targeted because it is one of the best-studied Pleniglacial deposits for Western Europe in which numerous tundra gley intervals have been identified. Moreover, a comprehensive high-resolution environmental magnetism study has never been undertaken for this site. Various rock magnetism experiments were conducted at both room and low temperatures to characterise the composition, concentration and relative magnetic grain size of the mineral magnetic assemblage. The relative changes in magnetic parameters within the investigated loess interval are primarily controlled by (1) varying concentrations of coarse-grained ferrimagnetic particles of detrital (aeolian) origin and (2) dissolution of fine-grained ferrimagnetic particles related to in situ post-depositional alteration promoted by waterlogging-induced redoxomorphic processes. Goethite is found to be ubiquitous throughout the studied interval and is argued to have both a primary (aeolian) and secondary (in situ) origin. We conclude, that redoxomorphic processes induced by waterlogging, if present, will hinder the interpretation of magnetic susceptibility variations within loess and palaeosol deposits following the expected relationships dictated by the wind-vigour and the pedogenic enhancement magnetism models

A transcriptomic analysis of human centromeric and pericentric sequences in normal and tumor cells

Although there is now evidence that the expression of centromeric (CT) and pericentric (PCT) sequences are key players in major genomic functions, their transcriptional status in human cells is still poorly known. The main reason for this lack of data is the complexity and high level of polymorphism of these repeated sequences, which hampers straightforward analyses by available transcriptomic approaches. Here a transcriptomic macro-array dedicated to the analysis of CT and PCT expression is developed and validated in heat-shocked (HS) HeLa cells. For the first time, the expression status of CT and PCT sequences is analyzed in a series of normal and cancer human cells and tissues demonstrating that they are repressed in all normal tissues except in the testis, where PCT transcripts are found. Moreover, PCT sequences are specifically expressed in HS cells in a Heat-Shock Factor 1 (HSF1)-dependent fashion, and we show here that another independent pathway, involving DNA hypo-methylation, can also trigger their expression. Interestingly, CT and PCT were found illegitimately expressed in somatic cancer samples, whereas PCT were repressed in testis cancer, suggesting that the expression of CT and PCT sequences may represent a good indicator of epigenetic deregulations occurring in response to environmental changes or in cell transformation

Improvements of geochemical tools for palaeoenvironment investigations

L'histoire des isotopes stables débute en 1913 avec les travaux de Frederick Soddy. Dès lors les techniques analytiques dans ce domaine vont constamment évoluer permettant de répondre à des questions scientifiques de plus en plus élaborées et d'investir petit à petit de plus en plus de domaines où leur capacité de traceur devient aujourd'hui indispensable. Ce travail présente d'abord une partie décrivant l'évolution des techniques de mesures des rapports isotopiques au cours des décennies, insistant sur l'apport fondamental du flux continu et en particulier de l'analyse élémentaire. Dans la deuxième partie nous allons illustrer l'importance des analyses isotopiques dans le domaine des reconstructions paléoenvironnementales afin de mieux appréhender l'histoire climatique de la Terre et de ses habitants à diverses époques. Ceci principalement au moyen des analyses 180/160 sur des matrices phosphatées ou carbonatées. La troisième partie est consacrée à l'utilisation des isotopes stables comme traceurs de certaines réaction métaboliques fondamentales sur des échantillons fossiles mais également sur du matériel actuel. Dans ce dernier cas, nous nous sommes également servis de la capacité des isotopes stables à être utilisés comme traceurs en abondance naturelle mais également en utilisant le marquage isotopique. Pour ce faire nous avons utilisé les signatures isotopiques 180/160 sur du matériel phosphaté mais également les rapports isotopiques 13C/12C et 15N/14N de la matière organique. La quatrième partie est consacrée plus particulièrement à des travaux de développement analytiques dans divers domaines. Tout d'abord nous nous sommes intéressés aux analyses isotopiques D/H et 180/160 des eaux. Nous proposons de nouveaux paramètres de correction des analyses isotopiques sur des eaux de salinités supérieures à l'eau de mer. Puis nous avons travaillé sur les analyses isotopiques 13C/12C et 180/160 des carbonates en proposant de nouveaux paramètres pour le fractionnement isotopique de l'oxygène entre les carbonates d'apatites et l'eau, les fractionnements isotopiques du carbone et de l'oxygène entre aragonite et calcite sur des organismes vivants actuels. Nous avons également développé une technique semi-automatique pour déterminer les signatures isotopiques en carbone et en oxygène de la calcite et de la dolomite dans des mélanges de proportions variables. Enfin nous avons tenté de quantifier la variabilité naturelle et la variabilité instrumentale des analyses isotopiques du carbone et de l'oxygène sur des microfossiles. Puis, nous nous sommes intéressés à un domaine représentant une part importante de notre travail analytique sur les analyses isotopiques 180/160 des phosphates biogéniques. En collaboration avec les fabricants d'instruments nous avons développé un nouveau système afin d'améliorer la qualité des analyses, de les automatiser le plus possible et de réduire la taille de la prise d'essai dans le but d'accéder à des échantillons de taille plus réduite. Enfin nous avons développé les analyses isotopiques du soufre toujours en collaboration avec les fabricants d'instrumentation, d'une part pour évaluer la capacité d'un nouveau système analytique à produire des analyses fiables sur des quantités limitées au sein de matrices complexes, et d'autre part, la capacité du même système à produire des analyses multi-isotopiques fiables sur les trois éléments N, C, S. Dans la conclusion de ce travail, nous revenons sur la contribution de nos divers travaux à l'évolution des techniques isotopiques en essayant d'évaluer dans l'avenir les nouveaux champs d'investigation de ces techniques tout juste centenairesThe history of stable isotopes began in 1913 with the work of Frederick Soddy. Since then, analytical techniques in that domain have been in constant evolution, providing answers to more and more elaborated scientific questions and spreading into various application fields where their tracing abilities have become extremely useful today. This work first describes the evolution of those analytical techniques through time and especially the fundamental step forward with continuous flow techniques especially through elemental analysis. For the second part we illustrate the importance of stable isotope analyses for paleoenvironmental reconstructions to better understand the climatic history of the Earth and its inhabitants from different periods. This is mainly based on 180/160 analyses from phosphatic or carbonaceous matrices. The third part is dedicated to the use of stable isotopes as tracers of various fundamental metabolic pathways from both fossil and actual samples. For this latter case we have used the capacity of stable isotopes to be used at natural abundance as well as artificially labelled. We have used 180/160 isotopic signatures from phosphatic samples as well as 13C/12C and 15N/14N from organic matter. The fourth part is dedicated to analytical developments covering several domains. First we investigated D/H and 180/160 measurements from waters. We are proposing new correction parameters for isotopic measurements from waters with salinity higher than sea water. Then we have dealt with 13C/12C and 180/160 isotopic analyses from carbonates and we suggest new parameters to constrain oxygen isotopic fractionation between carbonates from apatite and water as well as carbon and oxygen isotopic fractionation between calcite and aragonite from actual living organisms. We have also developed a new semi-automated technique to measure carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures from calcite and dolomite mixtures with various proportions. Then we have attempted to quantify the natural and instrumental variability of oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses from microfossils. An important part of this analytical work has been dedicated to 180/160 isotopic analyses from biogenic phosphate material. ln collaboration with instrument manufacturers we have developed a new system to improve both quality and automation of those measurements as well as reduce the aliquot sizes in order to get access to smaller samples. Eventually we have developed sulfur isotopic analyses in collaboration with instrument manufacturers to evaluate the capacities of a new analytical setup to generate reliable N, C, S multi- isotopic analyses. Last, we summarize the contribution of this work to the evolution of stable isotope techniques and we try to evaluate the future fields of investigation for those techniques just over one hundred years ol

L'histoire d'une intolérance [L'Édit de Nantes et sa Révocation, histoire d'une intolérance, Janine Garrisson]

Fourel Jean-François. L'histoire d'une intolérance [L'Édit de Nantes et sa Révocation, histoire d'une intolérance, Janine Garrisson]. In: Autres Temps. Les cahiers du christianisme social. N°6, 1985. pp. 78-79

L'histoire d'une intolérance [L'Édit de Nantes et sa Révocation, histoire d'une intolérance, Janine Garrisson]

Fourel Jean-François. L'histoire d'une intolérance [L'Édit de Nantes et sa Révocation, histoire d'une intolérance, Janine Garrisson]. In: Autres Temps. Les cahiers du christianisme social. N°6, 1985. pp. 78-79

Théologies de la libération : où en est-on ?

Fourel Jean-François. Théologies de la libération : où en est-on ?. In: Autres Temps. Les cahiers du christianisme social. N°7, 1985. pp. 49-51

À Dieu Geo, et merci

Fourel Jean-François. À Dieu Geo, et merci. In: Autres Temps. Les cahiers du christianisme social. N°13, 1987. pp. 33-34

Simultaneous N, C, S stable isotope analyses using a new purge and trap elemental analyzer and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer

RATIONALE The evolution of stable isotope applications has demonstrated the increasing need for the determination of more than one isotopic signature from the same sample. Simultaneous determinations of 13C/12C and 15 N/14 N have become a widespread technique but up to now very few fully automated systems have offered the possibility of also measuring 34S/32S from the same sample aliquot. This could be critical when sample amounts are limited, but it could also represent a significant gain of analytical time or cost. The technique that we are presenting provides these multiple isotopic signatures on small sample aliquots with high precisions, especially for sulfur determinations. METHODS A high-precision, easy and rapid method for the simultaneous measurement of carbon (13C/12C), nitrogen (15 N/14 N) and sulfur (34S/32S) ratios as well as elemental concentrations was employed, using a new combination of an elemental analyzer and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The elemental analyzer was based on 'purge and trap' technology rather than conventional packed-gas chromatography (GC) gas separation. Emphasis was put on the efficiency of the system to reliably combust sulfur-bearing compounds of both organic and inorganic origin with high conversion yields. RESULTS High-quality measurement of 34S/32S ratios was obtained using various international reference materials. A working calibrated material was also selected and characterized for all three isotopic signatures in order to fully use the capacities of the system in future work. CONCLUSIONS The possibilities of such a system for the reliable measurement of S isotope ratios as well as N and C isotope ratios within the same aliquot of sample opens up new fields of investigation in many domains where multi-isotopic approaches are required. Copyright \textcopyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd