50 research outputs found

    A breathing zirconium metal-organic framework with reversible loss of crystallinity by correlated nanodomain formation

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    The isoreticular analogue of the metal-organic framework UiO-66(Zr), synthesized with the flexible trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid as linker, shows a peculiar breathing behavior by reversibly losing long-range crystalline order upon evacuation. The underlying flexibility is attributed to a concerted conformational contraction of up to two thirds of the linkers, which breaks the local lattice symmetry. X-ray scattering data are described well by a nanodomain model in which differently oriented tetragonal-type distortions propagate over about 7-10 unit cells

    Longitudinal liver stiffness assessment in patient with chronic hepatitis C undergoing antiviral therapy.

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    BACKGROUND/AIMS:Liver stiffness (LS) measurement by means of transient elastography (TE) is accurate to predict fibrosis stage. The effect of antiviral treatment and virologic response on LS was assessed and compared with untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). METHODS: TE was performed at baseline, and at weeks 24, 48, and 72 in 515 patients with CHC. RESULTS: 323 treated (62.7%) and 192 untreated patients (37.3%) were assessed. LS experienced a significant decline in treated patients and remained stable in untreated patients at the end of study (P<0.0001). The decline was significant for patients with baseline LS ≄ 7.1 kPa (P<0.0001 and P 0.03, for LS ≄ 9.5 and ≄ 7.1 kPa vs lower values, respectively). Sustained virological responders and relapsers had a significant LS improvement whereas a trend was observed in nonresponders (mean percent change -16%, -10% and -2%, for SVR, RR and NR, respectively, P 0.03 for SVR vs NR). In multivariate analysis, high baseline LS (P<0.0001) and ALT levels, antiviral therapy and non-1 genotype were independent predictors of LS improvement. CONCLUSIONS: LS decreases during and after antiviral treatment in patients with CHC. The decrease is significant in sustained responders and relapsers (particularly in those with high baseline LS) and suggests an improvement in liver damage

    The second workshop on lists of commercial fish and shellfish species for reporting of MSFD D3 (WKD3Lists2)

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    WKD3Lists2 created lists of regionally relevant commercial fish and shellfish species (and higher order taxa) for the use of Article 8 reporting by EU member states under Descriptor 3 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The regional taxa lists were based on landings data from the Fisheries Dependent Information data base (FDI) provided by EU member states and compiled by the Joint Research Centre (JRC). The taxonomy of landings data was consolidated by regional experts and the consolidated data were combined to obtain absolute and proportional landing weights and values for each (sub)re-gion, which were used to apply dual (weight and vale) selection thresholds to compile (sub)re-gional D3-taxa-lists. Regional D3-taxa-lists were produced for two MSFD regions (Baltic Sea & Black Sea) and eight MSFD subregions: The Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast, Mac-aronesia, Western Mediterranean, the Ionian Sea & Central Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea and the Aegean-Levantine Sea. To exclude taxa with very low landing weights or value from the final lists, two types of thresh-olds (cumulative and minimum) with differing cut-off values were evaluated (90%, 95%, 98% and 99% for cumulative and 0.1% and 1% for minimum thresholds). Depending on the cut-off value, the number of taxa included varied substantially and in most (sub)regions the application of thresholds reduced the initial number of taxa by more than 50%. WKD3Lists2 did not recommend any threshold type or cut-off value to be applied generically in all (sub)regions, but identified trade-offs between inclusiveness and parsimony of relevant con-tent i.e. higher cut-off values will lead to longer lists including many taxa with relatively low landings weights/values. In some (sub)regions, thresholds with lower cut-off values (90% to 95%) were considered feasible by regional experts (Mediterranean subregions, Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast, Macaronesia), whereas in other MSFD (sub)regions cut-off values in the range of 98-99% were considered as appropriate (Baltic Sea, Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas). The regional D3-taxa lists by WKD3Lists2 were created without considering the availability of data or assessments i.e. many species are included, for which no assessment information is avail-able. WKD3Lists2 decided on this approach because a representative selection of commercially targeted taxa was considered to indicate knowledge and data gaps in current data collection and assessment schemes. Regional species lists shall be used by EU member states for the national reporting of D3. Stocks and species from the regional lists shall be considered by member states, and additional stocks/species can be added where appropriate (e.g. those stocks/species of national or local of importance that do not appear on the regional lists). x WKD3Lists2 discussed and compiled recommendations on how Member States can complement the regional lists of D3-taxa. A key recommendation is to maintain taxa reported in 2018 under D3, even if they are not part of the regional D3-taxa list for 2024. Wherever possible, Member States should report on stock level. WKD3Lists2 also discussed linkages between D1 and D3-reporting of commercial taxa.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    The PanCareSurFup consortium:research and guidelines to improve lives for survivors of childhood cancer

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    Background: Second malignant neoplasms and cardiotoxicity are among the most serious and frequent adverse health outcomes experienced by childhood and adolescent cancer survivors (CCSs) and contribute significantly to their increased risk of premature mortality. Owing to differences in health-care systems, language and culture across the continent, Europe has had limited success in establishing multi-country collaborations needed to assemble the numbers of survivors required to clarify the health issues arising after successful cancer treatment. PanCareSurFup (PCSF) is the first pan-European project to evaluate some of the serious long-term health risks faced by survivors. This article sets out the overall rationale, methods and preliminary results of PCSF. Methods: The PCSF consortium pooled data from 13 cancer registries and hospitals in 12 European countries to evaluate subsequent primary malignancies, cardiac disease and late mortality in survivors diagnosed between ages 0 and 20 years. In addition, PCSF integrated radiation dosimetry to sites of second malignancies and to the heart, developed evidence-based guidelines for long-term care and for transition services, and disseminated results to survivors and the public. Results: We identified 115,596 individuals diagnosed with cancer, of whom 83,333 were 5-year survivors and diagnosed from 1940 to 2011. This single data set forms the basis for cohort analyses of subsequent malignancies, cardiac disease and late mortality and case–control studies of subsequent malignancies and cardiac disease in 5-year survivors. Conclusions: PCSF delivered specific estimates of risk and comprehensive guidelines to help survivors and care-givers. The expected benefit is to provide every European CCS with improved access to care and better long-term health

    The high-resolution map of Oxia Planum, Mars; the landing site of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission

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    This 1:30,000 scale geological map describes Oxia Planum, Mars, the landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission. The map represents our current understanding of bedrock units and their relationships prior to Rosalind Franklin’s exploration of this location. The map details 15 bedrock units organised into 6 groups and 7 textural and surficial units. The bedrock units were identified using visible and near-infrared remote sensing datasets. The objectives of this map are (i) to identify where the most astrobiologically relevant rocks are likely to be found, (ii) to show where hypotheses about their geological context (within Oxia Planum and in the wider geological history of Mars) can be tested, (iii) to inform both the long-term (hundreds of metres to ∌1 km) and the short-term (tens of metres) activity planning for rover exploration, and (iv) to allow the samples analysed by the rover to be interpreted within their regional geological context

    Impact of water on MOFs flexibilty

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    Les MOFs sont des matĂ©riaux hybrides (organiques/inorganiques), nanoporeux et cristallin. La pĂ©riodicitĂ© et la porositĂ© apportent Ă  ces matĂ©riaux des propriĂ©tĂ©s modulables par la topologie des rĂ©seaux et par les interactions entre le rĂ©seau et les molĂ©cules qui peuvent pĂ©nĂ©trer dans les nanopores. L'adsorption de molĂ©cules dans les pores permet les sĂ©parations de mĂ©langes, la sĂ©questration sĂ©lective de molĂ©cules, la catalyse, le stockage de l'Ă©nergie etc... La flexibilitĂ© de certains MOFs est caractĂ©risĂ©e par des variations de volume, parfois extrĂȘmes, pouvant modifier de maniĂšres significatives les propriĂ©tĂ©s de ces matĂ©riaux. L'eau est tout Ă  la fois une impuretĂ© inĂ©vitable dans les usages pratiques de ces composĂ©s mais Ă©galement un composant important dans la modulation de la flexibilitĂ©. Bien que les nombreuses Ă©tudes publiĂ©es offrent une vision globale de la flexibilitĂ© et des interactions mises en jeu lors de l'adsorption de molĂ©cules de diffĂ©rentes natures, l'eau reste cependant une de celles qui rĂ©sistent le plus aux mesures et aux interprĂ©tations. Cette thĂšse a eu pour objet d'utiliser de façon conjointe la diffraction des rayons-X synchrotron, des neutrons et a rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique nuclĂ©aire (RMN), pour rĂ©-investiguer le rĂŽle de l'eau dans la flexibilitĂ© de deux MOFs archĂ©typiques, le UiO-66 (ZrCDC) et le MIL-53(Al). Nos rĂ©sultats ont permis d'Ă©clairer plusieurs points critiques. Avec ZrCDC il a pu ĂȘtre montrĂ© qu'en prĂ©sence d'eau, les deux briques de constructions, inorganique et organique, sont couplĂ©es tout en ayant chacune une flexibilitĂ© distincte. Pour MIL-53(Al), la rĂ©investigation a Ă©tĂ© notablement plus consĂ©quente, reprenant le suivi de la flexibilitĂ© en tempĂ©rature de la phase anhydre et sous l'influence des gaz composants de l'air, oxygĂšne et azote, puis l’étude du rĂŽle de l'eau par RMN qui permet de caractĂ©riser les modifications structurales et dynamiques des phases anhydre et hydratĂ©e. Le suivi progressif de l'adsorption et de la dĂ©sorption a notamment permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des phĂ©nomĂšnes d'Ă©change protoniques lents responsables des hystĂ©rĂšses observĂ©s. Ces rĂ©sultats permettent de remettre en perspective les Ă©tudes antĂ©cĂ©dentes et de proposer une description renouvelĂ©e de la flexibilitĂ© de ces composĂ©s, comme une "horlogerie cristalline" des mouvements molĂ©culaires.MOFs (metal-organic-frameworks) are hybrid (organic/inorganic) crystalline nanoporous materials. Periodicity and porosity provide to these materials modularity of properties by the topology of networks, and interactions between the framework and penetrating molecules in nanopores. Adsorption of molecules in pores allows for mixtures separation, selective sequestration of molecules, catalysis, storage of energy etc... Flexibility of some MOFs is characterized by extremes volume variations modifying properties of these materials. Water is at the same time an inevitable impurity in practical uses of such compounds and an equally significant component for modulation of flexibility. Although many published studies provide comprehensive views of the flexibility and interactions involved in the adsorption of molecules of different types, however water is one of those most resistant to measurements and interpretations. This thesis has been using jointly X-rays synchrotron and neutrons diffractions as well as nuclear magnetic resonance, to re-investigate water role on two archetypical MOFs, UiO-66 (ZrCDC) and MIL-53(Al). Our results obtained along this thesis shed some light on several critical points. With ZrCDC it has been demonstrated that both building blocks, inorganic and organic, exhibit each of them, in the presence of water a distinct flexibility, coupled together. For MIL-53(Al), this reinvestigation was noticeably more studied, covering flexibility in temperature of the anhydrous phase and under the influence of the components of air, oxygen and nitrogen. Then the study of water role in the anhydrous and hydrated phase by NMR characterized structural and dynamic changes. A progressive monitoring of adsorption and desorption, brought out slow proton exchange phenomena responsible of the hysteresis. These results allow for redefined a perspective of previous investigations and to propose a renewed description of flexibility of these materials, as a "crystalline clockwork" of molecular motions

    Impact de l'eau dans la flexibilité des MOFs

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    MOFs (metal-organic-frameworks) are hybrid (organic/inorganic) crystalline nanoporous materials. Periodicity and porosity provide to these materials modularity of properties by the topology of networks, and interactions between the framework and penetrating molecules in nanopores. Adsorption of molecules in pores allows for mixtures separation, selective sequestration of molecules, catalysis, storage of energy etc... Flexibility of some MOFs is characterized by extremes volume variations modifying properties of these materials. Water is at the same time an inevitable impurity in practical uses of such compounds and an equally significant component for modulation of flexibility. Although many published studies provide comprehensive views of the flexibility and interactions involved in the adsorption of molecules of different types, however water is one of those most resistant to measurements and interpretations. This thesis has been using jointly X-rays synchrotron and neutrons diffractions as well as nuclear magnetic resonance, to re-investigate water role on two archetypical MOFs, UiO-66 (ZrCDC) and MIL-53(Al). Our results obtained along this thesis shed some light on several critical points. With ZrCDC it has been demonstrated that both building blocks, inorganic and organic, exhibit each of them, in the presence of water a distinct flexibility, coupled together. For MIL-53(Al), this reinvestigation was noticeably more studied, covering flexibility in temperature of the anhydrous phase and under the influence of the components of air, oxygen and nitrogen. Then the study of water role in the anhydrous and hydrated phase by NMR characterized structural and dynamic changes. A progressive monitoring of adsorption and desorption, brought out slow proton exchange phenomena responsible of the hysteresis. These results allow for redefined a perspective of previous investigations and to propose a renewed description of flexibility of these materials, as a "crystalline clockwork" of molecular motions.Les MOFs sont des matĂ©riaux hybrides (organiques/inorganiques), nanoporeux et cristallin. La pĂ©riodicitĂ© et la porositĂ© apportent Ă  ces matĂ©riaux des propriĂ©tĂ©s modulables par la topologie des rĂ©seaux et par les interactions entre le rĂ©seau et les molĂ©cules qui peuvent pĂ©nĂ©trer dans les nanopores. L'adsorption de molĂ©cules dans les pores permet les sĂ©parations de mĂ©langes, la sĂ©questration sĂ©lective de molĂ©cules, la catalyse, le stockage de l'Ă©nergie etc... La flexibilitĂ© de certains MOFs est caractĂ©risĂ©e par des variations de volume, parfois extrĂȘmes, pouvant modifier de maniĂšres significatives les propriĂ©tĂ©s de ces matĂ©riaux. L'eau est tout Ă  la fois une impuretĂ© inĂ©vitable dans les usages pratiques de ces composĂ©s mais Ă©galement un composant important dans la modulation de la flexibilitĂ©. Bien que les nombreuses Ă©tudes publiĂ©es offrent une vision globale de la flexibilitĂ© et des interactions mises en jeu lors de l'adsorption de molĂ©cules de diffĂ©rentes natures, l'eau reste cependant une de celles qui rĂ©sistent le plus aux mesures et aux interprĂ©tations. Cette thĂšse a eu pour objet d'utiliser de façon conjointe la diffraction des rayons-X synchrotron, des neutrons et a rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique nuclĂ©aire (RMN), pour rĂ©-investiguer le rĂŽle de l'eau dans la flexibilitĂ© de deux MOFs archĂ©typiques, le UiO-66 (ZrCDC) et le MIL-53(Al). Nos rĂ©sultats ont permis d'Ă©clairer plusieurs points critiques. Avec ZrCDC il a pu ĂȘtre montrĂ© qu'en prĂ©sence d'eau, les deux briques de constructions, inorganique et organique, sont couplĂ©es tout en ayant chacune une flexibilitĂ© distincte. Pour MIL-53(Al), la rĂ©investigation a Ă©tĂ© notablement plus consĂ©quente, reprenant le suivi de la flexibilitĂ© en tempĂ©rature de la phase anhydre et sous l'influence des gaz composants de l'air, oxygĂšne et azote, puis l’étude du rĂŽle de l'eau par RMN qui permet de caractĂ©riser les modifications structurales et dynamiques des phases anhydre et hydratĂ©e. Le suivi progressif de l'adsorption et de la dĂ©sorption a notamment permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des phĂ©nomĂšnes d'Ă©change protoniques lents responsables des hystĂ©rĂšses observĂ©s. Ces rĂ©sultats permettent de remettre en perspective les Ă©tudes antĂ©cĂ©dentes et de proposer une description renouvelĂ©e de la flexibilitĂ© de ces composĂ©s, comme une "horlogerie cristalline" des mouvements molĂ©culaires

    Evaluation du descripteur 3 « espÚces exploitées à des fins commerciales » en France métropolitaine.

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    The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), adopted in June 2008, commits Member States to adopt an ecosystemic approach to manage the marine environment. By this directive, France aims to achieve good environmental status of its marine waters by 2020. Descriptor 3 stipulates that populations of all commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within safe biological limits, exhibiting a population age and size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock. The Marine Directive builds on existing European Union (EU) legislation as the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and criteria describing stocks status are derived from international authorities works as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) or the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). The fisheries sector in France is present in the four subregions, but also beyond. It has the particularity of being highly diversified by all the mĂ©tiers practiced and all area where fishing activity takes place. Exploited marine living resources are therefore diversified and the main species caught by French vessels are tuna, hake Merluccius merluccius, herring Clupea harengus, King scallop Pecten maximus or anglerfish Lophius spp. Fisheries management aims to ensure sustainability of fisheries resources and of the activities depending on them by applying the principle of Maximum of Sustainable Yield (MSY). Scientific authorities assess stock status with two indicators: fishing mortality (corresponding to the criteria D3C1) and spawning stock biomass (corresponding to the criteria D3C2), from which they produce recommendations for management. As part of the MSFD assessment, it is impossible and unrelevant to adjudicate on a global ecological status of the different marine subregions (from the point of view of the D3 criteria). Indeed, advices of regional fisheries organisations (e.g. ICES, GFCM, ICCAT) conclude that stocks are improving on the one hand and others are deteriorating on the other hand, without delivering a global advice. In 2015, in French metropolitan waters, 122 stocks of fishery resources have a scientific monitoring, including 33 stocks with quantitative assessment and associated threshold values, only 27 % of stocks. Twelve stocks are considered in good environmental status, such as saithe Pollachius virens of the North Sea (marine subregion “English Channel – North Sea”), common sole Solea solea of the western English Channel (marine subregion “Celtic Seas”) or the northern stock of hake Merluccius merluccius (marine subregions of the Atlantic coast). Twenty stocks with quantitative assessment do not achieve good environmental status, such as anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus of the Gulf of Lions (marine subregion “Western Mediterranea”), seabass Dicentrarchus labrax of Celtic Sea, English Channel and southern North Sea (marine subregions “Celtic Seas” and “English Channel – North Sea”), or albacore Thunnus alalunga of North Atlantic (marine subregions of the Atlantic coast).La Directive Cadre StratĂ©gie pour le Milieu Marin (DCSMM), adoptĂ©e en juin 2008, recommande aux Etats Membres d’entreprendre une approche de gestion des milieux marins fondĂ©e sur la notion d’écosystĂšme. Par cette directive, la France s’est engagĂ©e Ă  atteindre d’ici 2020 le bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique des milieux marins, pour les eaux mĂ©tropolitaines sous sa juridiction. Le descripteur 3 stipule que les populations de tous les poissons et crustacĂ©s exploitĂ©s Ă  des fins commerciales se situent dans les limites de sĂ©curitĂ© biologique, en prĂ©sentant une rĂ©partition de la population par Ăąge et par taille qui tĂ©moigne de la bonne santĂ© du stock. Cette directive s’appuie sur la Politique Commune des PĂȘches (PCP) et les critĂšres renseignant l’état des stocks sont issus des travaux d’instances internationales comme le Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer (CIEM), la Commission GĂ©nĂ©rale pour la PĂȘche en MĂ©diterranĂ©e (CGPM) ou la Commission Internationale pour la Conservation des ThonidĂ©s de l’Atlantique (CICTA). Le secteur de la pĂȘche en France est prĂ©sent dans les quatre sous-rĂ©gions marines mais Ă©galement au-delĂ . Il a la particularitĂ© d’ĂȘtre hautement diversifiĂ© de par tous les mĂ©tiers pratiquĂ©s et tous les milieux oĂč se dĂ©roule l’activitĂ© de pĂȘche. Les ressources exploitĂ©es sont en consĂ©quence trĂšs diversifiĂ©es et les principales espĂšces pĂȘchĂ©es par les navires français sont les thons Thunnus spp., le merlu Merluccius merluccius, le hareng Clupea harengus, la coquille Saint-Jacques Pecten maximus ou encore les baudroies Lophius spp. La gestion des pĂȘches vise Ă  assurer la durabilitĂ© des ressources halieutiques et des activitĂ©s qui en dĂ©pendent en appliquant le principe de Rendement Maximal Durable (RMD). Les instances scientifiques Ă©valuent l’état des stocks au travers de deux indicateurs : la mortalitĂ© par pĂȘche (correspondant au critĂšre D3C1) et la biomasse du stock reproducteur (correspondant au critĂšre D3C2), Ă  partir desquels ils produisent des recommandations pour la gestion. Dans le cadre de l’évaluation au titre de la DCSMM, il est impossible et non pertinent de statuer sur un Ă©tat Ă©cologique global de chacune des sous-rĂ©gions marines (du point de vue des critĂšres du D3). En effet, les avis Ă©manant des organismes rĂ©gionaux des pĂȘches (e.g. CIEM, CGPM) concluent Ă  des stocks en amĂ©lioration d’un cĂŽtĂ©, Ă  d’autres qui se dĂ©tĂ©riorent, sans se prononcer sur un Ă©tat global. En 2015, dans les eaux françaises mĂ©tropolitaines, 122 stocks de ressources halieutiques bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi scientifique dont 33 stocks avec une Ă©valuation quantitative et des valeurs seuils associĂ©es, soit seulement 27 % des stocks. Douze stocks sont qualifiĂ©s en bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique, comme le lieu noir Pollachius virens de mer du Nord (sous-rĂ©gion marine « Manche – mer du Nord »), la sole commune Solea solea de Manche Ouest (sous-rĂ©gion marine « mers Celtiques ») ou le stock Nord de merlu europĂ©en Merluccius merluccius (les 3 sous-rĂ©gions marines de la façade Atlantique). Les 20 autres stocks bĂ©nĂ©ficiant d’une Ă©valuation quantitative ne rĂ©pondent pas aux critĂšres du bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique. C’est le cas, pas exemple, de l’anchois commun Engraulis encrasicolus du golfe du Lion (sous-rĂ©gion marine « MĂ©diterranĂ©e occidentale »), du bar Dicentrarchus labrax de mer Celtique, Manche et mer du Nord (sous-rĂ©gions marines « mers Celtiques » et « Manche – mer du Nord ») ou encore du thon germon Thunnus alalunga d’Atlantique Nord (les 3 sous-rĂ©gions marines de la façade Atlantique)

    Evaluation du descripteur D3 EspĂšces commerciales en France mĂ©tropolitaine. Rapport scientifique pour l’évaluation cycle 3 au titre de la DCSMM

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    The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), adopted in June 2008, recommend that Members States undertake an ecosystemic approach to manage the marine environment. MSFD defines 11 qualitative descriptors used to define the good environmental status (GES) of marine ecosystems at the biological, physical, chemical and health levels. Through this directive, France undertook to achieve good environmental status of marine environments for metropolitan waters under its jurisdiction. This scientific report proposes an assessment of good environmental status for the MSFD cycle 3 for descriptor 3 “Commercial Species” (D3). D3 stipulates that populations of all commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within safe biological limits, exhibiting a population age and size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock. The D3 assessment is carried out at the stock level of a commercial species without aggregation of the results of all stocks at the marine sub-region scale. In accordance with the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) recommendation, this assessment considers fishing mortality (D3C1) and spawning stock biomass (D3C2) for each stock, in the exclusive condition that reference points are calculable. However, the age- and size-distribution criterion (D3C3) is not evaluated. Achieving GES is based on the objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) which is the achievement of the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for each stock. The indicators fulfilling the D3C1 and D3C2 criteria must reach the MSY conditions for the stock be qualified in good status. For cycle 3, the evaluation is carried out on the basis of the average of the indicators over the period of the cycle. A list of 105 socks is defined on the basis of the last French GES order, the total or partial correspondence of the geographical distribution of the stock with the marine sub-regions and the availability of 2022 stock assessments meeting the recommendations described above. In the Channel – North Sea marine sub-region, among the 69 stocks considered, 17 stocks (25%) are in good condition and 20 (29%) are not in good condition. 32 stocks (46%) are in unknown condition. In the Celtic Seas marine sub-region, among the 50 stocks considered, 12 stocks (24%) are in good condition and 14 (28%) are not in good condition. 24 stocks (48%) are in unknown condition. In the Bay of Biscay marine sub-region, among the 40 stocks considered, 8 stocks (20%) are in good condition and 10 (25%) are not in good condition. 22 stocks (55%) are in unknown condition. In the Occidental Mediterranean marine sub-region, among the 12 stocks considered, 2 stocks (17%) are in good condition, 8 (66%) are not in good condition and 2 (17%) are not assessed. Compared to the Cycle 2 assessment, the number of fish stocks assessed in the Channel – North Sea, Celtic Seas, Bay of Biscay and Occidental Mediterranean marine sub-regions increased from 26 to 69, from 18 to 50, from 10 to 40 and from 8 to 12 respectively, due to the additional production of stock assessments by scientific organizations.La Directive Cadre StratĂ©gie pour le Milieu Marin (DCSMM), adoptĂ©e en juin 2008, recommande aux Etats Membres d’entreprendre une approche de gestion des milieux marins fondĂ©e sur la notion d’écosystĂšme. Elle dĂ©finit 11 descripteurs qualitatifs servant Ă  dĂ©finir le bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique (BEE) des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins au niveau biologique, physique, chimique et sanitaire. Par cette directive, la France s’est engagĂ©e Ă  atteindre le bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique des milieux marins pour les eaux mĂ©tropolitaines sous sa juridiction. Ce rapport scientifique propose une Ă©valuation du bon Ă©tat Ă©cologique pour le cycle 3 de la DCSMM pour le descripteur 3 « EspĂšces commerciales » (D3). Le D3 stipule que les populations de tous les poissons, mollusques et crustacĂ©s exploitĂ©s Ă  des fins commerciales se situent dans les limites de sĂ©curitĂ© biologique, en prĂ©sentant une rĂ©partition de la population par Ăąge et par taille qui tĂ©moigne de la bonne santĂ© du stock. L'Ă©valuation du D3 est rĂ©alisĂ©e au niveau de chaque stock d'espĂšces commerciales sans agrĂ©gation des rĂ©sultats de l’ensemble des stocks Ă  l’échelle de la sous-rĂ©gion marine. ConformĂ©ment Ă  la recommandation du Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer (CIEM), la prĂ©sente Ă©valuation considĂšre pour chaque stock la mortalitĂ© par pĂȘche (D3C1) et la biomasse du stock reproducteur (D3C2), Ă  la condition exclusive que des points de rĂ©fĂ©rence soient calculables. En revanche, le critĂšre de rĂ©partition par Ăąge et par taille (D3C3) n'est pas Ă©valuĂ©. L’atteinte du BEE se base sur l’objectif de la Politique Commune de la PĂȘche (PCP) qui est l’atteinte du Rendement Maximal Durable (RMD) pour chaque stock. Les indicateurs renseignant les critĂšres D3C1 et D3C2 doivent atteindre les conditions du RMD pour que le stock soit qualifiĂ© en bon Ă©tat. Pour le cycle 3, l’évaluation est rĂ©alisĂ©e sur la base de la moyenne des indicateurs sur la pĂ©riode du cycle. Une liste de 105 stocks est dĂ©finie sur la base du dernier arrĂȘtĂ© BEE, de la correspondance totale ou partielle de la distribution gĂ©ographique du stock avec les sous-rĂ©gions marines et de la disponibilitĂ© en 2022 des Ă©valuations de stocks rĂ©pondant aux recommandations dĂ©crites prĂ©cĂ©demment. Dans la sous-rĂ©gion marine Manche – Mer du Nord, parmi les 69 stocks considĂ©rĂ©s, 17 stocks (25 %) sont en bon Ă©tat et 20 (29 %) sont en mauvais Ă©tat. 32 stocks (46 %) sont dans un Ă©tat inconnu. Dans la sous-rĂ©gion marine Mers Celtiques, parmi les 50 stocks considĂ©rĂ©s, 12 stocks (24 %) sont en bon Ă©tat et 14 (28 %) sont en mauvais Ă©tat. 24 stocks (48 %) sont dans un Ă©tat inconnu. Dans la sous-rĂ©gion marine Golfe de Gascogne, parmi les 40 stocks considĂ©rĂ©s, 8 stocks (20 %) sont en bon Ă©tat et 10 (25 %) sont en mauvais Ă©tat. 22 stocks (55 %) sont dans un Ă©tat inconnu. Dans la sous-rĂ©gion marine MĂ©diterranĂ©e Occidentale, parmi les 12 stocks considĂ©rĂ©s, 2 stocks (17 %) sont en bon Ă©tat, 8 (66 %) sont en mauvais Ă©tat et 2 (17 %) ne sont pas Ă©valuĂ©s. Comparativement Ă  l’évaluation du cycle 2, le nombre de stocks halieutiques Ă©valuĂ©s dans les sous-rĂ©gions marines Manche – Mer du Nord, Mers Celtiques, Golfe de Gascogne et MĂ©diterranĂ©e Occidentale est passĂ© de 26 Ă  69, de 18 Ă  50, de 10 Ă  40 et 8 Ă  12 respectivement suite Ă  la production d’évaluation de stocks supplĂ©mentaire par les organismes scientifiques
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