'Cease and desist?' The persistence of Marlboro brand imagery in racing video games

Since 1972, Philip Morris (PM) has sponsored motorsports. Racing video games are a popular genre among youth and often emulate the branding of their real-life counterparts, potentially exposing youth to tobacco imagery. We examined racing video games for the presence of Marlboro imagery and explored the history of efforts to remove or regulate such imagery.We searched the Truth Tobacco Industry documents for relevant documents and used information from video game-related websites and game play videos to identify racing video games that contained Marlboro trademarks and imagery. We also collected information on the Entertainment Software Ratings Board's (ESRB) tobacco-specific and overall game ratings.In 1989, negative publicity surrounding the presence of Marlboro logos in racing games led PM to threaten legal action against two game makers for copyright infringement. PM also launched a media campaign promoting this intervention as evidence of its commitment to youth smoking prevention. Nonetheless, we identified 219 video games from 1979 to 2018 that contained Marlboro trademarks and/or Marlboro-sponsored drivers and livery. Among the games in our sample with an ESRB game rating, all but one received an 'E,' indicating appropriateness for everyone, and all but three lacked tobacco content descriptors.Racing video games have been and continue to be a vehicle for exposing adolescents to the Marlboro brand. Because voluntary efforts by PM and the video game industry to prevent youth exposure to tobacco brands in video games have been ineffective, USA and international policy-makers should prohibit tobacco content in video games

Future thinking on carved stones

No abstract available

Scottish Archaeological Research Framework: Future Thinking on Carved Stones

No abstract available

A study of female commanders in the United States Army: Culture, command and the women who lead.

Organizational changes occurred at the individual level through the development of personal relationships. Organizational changes were manifested in several ways. Organizational changes occurred through personal interaction and demonstrated ability. Organizational changes were seen as reactions to women in nontraditional jobs became more routine and less of a major, out of the ordinary event. The study's participants described how they felt the Army had changed during their time in the organization. Organizational changes were implied by the actions of the male leaders who made decisions that promoted the integration and advancement of women in the organization. Organizational changes were seen in the different approaches to the debate concerning women in the combat arms.This study has three major implications. The first implication concerns the overly simplistic nature of the Schein/Lewin change model and addresses its efficacy in accounting for individual and organizational changes. The second implication deals with organizational change and the realization that the military organization is unlikely to fundamentally change in the near or distant future. Finally, the third implication addresses what the future may hold for women in military organizations.This study's focus is on women who have chosen the Army as a career and who have continued to progress through its hierarchy, achieving command at battalion and brigade levels. The investigation centers on the strategies these women developed to cope, adapt, and better fit in a predominantly male organization during a process of integration. While the main focus is on the individual in a military environment, this study also considers the impact the individual may have had on the organization, and the changes that may have occurred as a result. Schein's elaboration of Lewin's change model is used as a way to explain and understand how the individual, both male and female, and the organization may have changed.Individual changes were considered in the analysis of the strategies used in the development of a workable persona. These strategies include being tough, being feminine, working harder, regendering and organizational fit.This study relied on a qualitative research strategy with semi-structured interviews as the primary method of inquiry

Future Thinking on Carved Stones in Scotland

An introduction to the newly published, online Future Thinking on Carved Stones in Scotland: A Research Framework resource

ICME Observations During the Ulysses Fast Latitude Scan

Between November 2000 and October 2001 the Ulysses spacecraft performed a fast traversal of the heliospheric latitudes between 80°S and 80°N, a period close to the activity maximum of the current solar cycle. This paper provides an overview of the Ulysses observations of the transient solar wind structures associated with coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) during this period. Compared to the previous Ulysses fast latitude scan near solar minimum in 1995, many more ICME related signatures were observed in the present data set. Events were encountered spread over the full latitude range between 80°S and 80°N. Those at high northern latitudes, where fast solar wind from a northern polar coronal hole had become re‐established, were of the over‐expanding type first identified in Ulysses data at mid‐latitudes near solar minimum. The signatures of these events and their latitude dependence are discussed and some ongoing and possible future studies with this data set are described. © 2003 American Institute of PhysicsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87651/2/715_1.pd

The standards of practice for delivery of polypharmacy and chronic disease medication reviews by general practice clinical pharmacists: a consensus study.

Background: General practice in the UK is experiencing a crisis. Greater multidisciplinary working is a potential solution. The new general practice contract in Scotland encourages this and includes a new pharmacotherapy service to be delivered by General Practice Clinical Pharmacists (GPCPs). Consensus is lacking for the standards of practice for delivery of pharmacotherapy medication reviews (which are polypharmacy and chronic medication reviews) as part of this service. Aim: To identify and validate standards of practice for polypharmacy and chronic disease medication (pharmacotherapy level 3) reviews conducted by GPCPs. Method: A two-phased mixed-methods consensus methodology was used. Phase 1: An expert group of GPCPs (n = 4) and clinical pharmacist managers (n = 2) responsible for delivering the pharmacotherapy service used a Modified Nominal Group Technique to generate potential standards. Phase 2: Two-round Delphi survey involving GPCPs with ≥ 1 year of experience of working in general practice (n = 159). Results: The expert group identified 44 potential standards of practice for polypharmacy and chronic disease reviews. Practicing GPCPs indicated during the Delphi phase that the 44 standards were applicable to practice. The standards of practice covered seven main categories: skills, environment, qualifications, qualities and behaviours, knowledge, process and experience. Conclusion: Practicing GPCPs indicated that the standards identified by the expert group are acceptable and valid for current practice and the delivery of polypharmacy and chronic medication reviews. The application of these standards to practice may help GPCPs and general practices to ensure equitable delivery of patient care

Employability initiatives in undergraduate education and application to human nutrition: A scoping review

Human nutrition is a growing field with an increasing job market and high demand for university study, yet graduates report feeling underprepared for and unaware of potential job opportunities. This scoping review aimed to identify employment initiatives used in undergraduate programs to support an evidence-based approach to the development of future initiatives for human nutrition courses. The scoping review following PRISMA-ScR criteria was initially conducted in October 2018 and updated in April 2020. Search terms were selected to identify studies that reported on employability or work-readiness embedded within the course curriculum for undergraduate students. Fourteen papers met the eligibility criteria. Papers included were from Australia (9), United Kingdom (2), United States (1), New Zealand (1) and Germany (1). Papers described initiatives fitting broad categories of placements, project-based industry collaboration, practice-based eLearning, mentoring and building graduate attributes. Placements were the most common type of initiative and project-based industry collaboration demonstrated the highest levels of student and employer satisfaction. The success of initiatives was often attributed to incorporating diverse approaches to real-world, problem-solving skills. Mentoring and eLearning were used to promote employability soft skills, while industry-based placements provided students with practical experience. Placement in specific workplace settings should be representative of the diverse job options for nutrition graduates. Human nutrition degrees should consider incorporating strategies that develop soft skills and project-based skills while exposing students to diverse workplace settings within industry

An exploratory study of industry perspectives to inform undergraduate nutrition employability initiatives

Aim The aim of this study was to explore nutrition professionals' perspectives of nutrition graduates' employability skills, and knowledge and skills required in the industry to understand gaps in undergraduate nutrition curriculum. Methods Nutrition professionals (n = 26) across Australia were approached to participate in semi-structured interviews via telephone in 2018. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, data analysed using thematic analysis, and results interpreted and discussed. Results Nine participants across six work environments completed interviews. Common work roles were identified in their diverse areas of practice: nutrition educators, food developers, team members, and business leaders. Nutrition professionals identified that, in addition to evidence-based discipline knowledge, key skills and knowledge needed for their roles were interpersonal communication, including writing and listening. Participants highlighted the need for employability skills to be embedded within curriculum with emphasis on professional skills, business skills and discipline-specific skills in communicating complex science messages to a range of audiences. Networking, and formal and informal work-integrated learning were viewed as important vehicles for developing required skills. Participants expected that universities develop curriculum to address gaps; however, reflection by the academic researchers suggested this should be a joint role. Conclusions Early career planning, professional skill development, work experience and networking opportunities should enhance graduate employability

An enhanced individual placement and support (IPS) intervention based on the Model of Human Occupation (MoHO); a prospective cohort study

Susan Prior - ORCID 0000-0003-3069-6961 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-6961Donald Maciver - ORCID 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XKirsty Forsyth - ORCID 0000-0002-6732-1699 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-1699Replaced original VoR with updated VoR 2020-07-09Background: Employment is good for physical and mental health, however people with severe mental illness (SMI) are often excluded from employment. Standard Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is effective in supporting around 55% of people with SMI into employment or education. Current research considers enhancements to IPS to improve outcomes for those requiring more complex interventions. Clinicians need to better understand who will benefit from these enhanced IPS interventions. This study offers a new enhanced IPS intervention and an approach to predicting who may achieve successful outcomes.Methods: This prospective cohort study included people with SMI who participated in an enhanced IPS service and had prolonged absence from employment. Secondary data analysis was conducted of data gathered in routine clinical practice. Univariate analysis coupled with previous research and clinical consultation was used to select variables to be included in the initial model, followed by a backward stepwise approach to model building for the final multiple logistic regression model with an outcome of successful or unsuccessful goal attainment (employment or education).Results: Sixty-three percent of participants in the enhanced IPS successfully attained employment or education. Significant relationships from bivariate analyses were identified between outcomes (employment or education) and seven psychosocial variables. Adapting Routines to Minimise Difficulties, Work Related Goals, and Living in an Area of Lesser Deprivation were found to be significant in predicting employment or education in the final multiple logistic regression model R2 = 0.16 (Hosmer-Lemeshow), 0.19 (Cox-Snell), 0.26 (Nagelkerke). Model χ2(7) = 41.38 p < .001.Conclusion: An enhanced IPS service had a 63% rate success in achieving employment or education, higher than comparable studies and provides an alternative to IPS-Lite and IPS-standard for more complex populations. Motivational and habitual psychosocial variables are helpful in predicting who may benefit from an enhanced IPS intervention supporting people after prolonged absence from employment.Trial registration: NCT04083404 Registered 05 September 2019 (retrospectively registered).This study was funded by the Scottish Government. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02745-320pubpu