Hydrologic Inventory of the Great Salt Lake Desert Area

The Great Salt Lake Desert, located in the southwest corner of the State of Utah is a very dry region with sparse population and relatively small scattered areas of development. Since only a meager amount of hydrologic data has been collected and compiled for this relatively undeveloped area, the inventory presented herein is but a general appraisal of hydrologic conditions. Because of the small amount of development that has taken place and the general lack of hydrologic data, a water budget analysis is included for the Tooele Valley only

Depth-dependent target strengths of gadoids by the boundary-element method

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114 (2003): 3136-3146, doi:10.1121/1.1619982.The depth dependence of fish target strength has mostly eluded experimental investigation because of the need to distinguish it from depth-dependent behavioral effects, which may change the orientation distribution. The boundary-element method (BEM) offers an avenue of approach. Based on detailed morphometric data on 15 gadoid swimbladders, the BEM has been exercised to determine how the orientation dependence of target strength changes with pressure under the assumption that the fish swimbladder remains constant in shape and volume. The backscattering cross section has been computed at a nominal frequency of 38 kHz as a function of orientation for each of three pressures: 1, 11, and 51 atm. Increased variability in target strength and more abundant and stronger resonances are both observed with increasing depth. The respective backscattering cross sections have been averaged with respect to each of four normal distributions of tilt angle, and the corresponding target strengths have been regressed on the logarithm of fish length. The tilt-angle-averaged backscattering cross sections at the highest pressure have also been averaged with respect to frequency over a 2-kHz band for representative conditions of insonification. For all averaging methods, the mean target strength changes only slightly with depth.This work began with sponsorship by the European Commission through its RTD-program, Contract No. MAS3-CT95-0031 (BASS), and was completed with support by the Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N000140310368

Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117 (2005): 2013-2027, doi:10.1121/1.1869073.Development of protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar by means of the standard-target method is documented. Particular systems used in the development work included three that provide the water-column signals, namely the SIMRAD SM2000/90- and 200-kHz sonars and RESON SeaBat 8101 sonar, with operating frequency of 240 kHz. Two facilities were instrumented specifically for the work: a sea well at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and a large, indoor freshwater tank at the University of New Hampshire. Methods for measuring the transfer characteristics of each sonar, with transducers attached, are described and illustrated with measurement results. The principal results, however, are the protocols themselves. These are elaborated for positioning the target, choosing the receiver gain function, quantifying the system stability, mapping the directionality in the plane of the receiving array and in the plane normal to the central axis, measuring the directionality of individual beams, and measuring the nearfield response. General preparations for calibrating multibeam sonars and a method for measuring the receiver response electronically are outlined. Advantages of multibeam sonar calibration and outstanding problems, such as that of validation of the performance of multibeam sonars as configured for use, are mentioned.Support by the National Science Foundation through Award No. OCE-0002664, NOAA through Grant No. NA97OG0241, and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR) through NOAA Contract No. NA17RJ1223 is acknowledged

Fat-Soluble Vitamin and Micromineral Concentrations in Preruminant Dairy Calves Fed to Achieve Different Growth Rates

Effects of neonatal growth rate on plasma concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins, zinc, and copper in preruminant calves were evaluated. Calves were assigned to dietary treatments designed to achieve three targeted rates of gain [No-Growth (NG) = 0.0 kg/d, Low-Growth (LG) = 0.55 kg/d, or High-Growth (HG) = 1.2 kg/d] over a 7 wk period. MR intakes needed to achieve specified growthrates were estimated using the NRC Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle calf model computer program. Calves were fed a 30% CP, 20% fat, MR reconstituted to 14% DM. Because vitamin levels in the MR were based on DM intake of HG calves, NG and LG calves were supplemented with additional vitamins once weekly to compensate for reduced MR consumption. Growth rates for NG (0.11 kg/d), LG (0.58 kg/d), and HG (1.16 kg/d) calves differed throughout the study. Although vitamins A and D, and Zn concentrations were unaffected by growth rate, their concentrations increased and Zn/Cu concentrations decreased with time. Throughout the study their concentrations remained within normal ranges for the preruminant calf. Vitamin E and copper were affected by growth rate. At wk 7, HG calves had lower vitamin E concentrations than LG and NG calves. Copper concentrations were greater for HG calves than LG and NG calves from wk 4 to wk 7. Copper and vitE concentrations, however, remained within ranges considered normal for preruminant calves. These results suggest that growth rate during the neonatal period influences vitE and Cu availabilit

Nutritional Modulation of the Proliferation and Activation of Blood Lymphocyte Subsets from Milk Replacer-Fed Calves

Feeding greater quantities of protein and energy to neonatal calves was associated with a reduction in proliferative responses of T lymphocyte subsets to in vitro polyclonal stimulation. Feeding an intensified diet was also associated with altered in vitro expression of activation molecules, CD25, CD44, and CD62L. These data suggest that plane of nutrition during the neonatal period influences lymphocyte-activities essential for the development of a normal immune response

Saving Lives and Dollars Through Comprehensive Preventive Health Care

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68280/2/10_1111_j_1741-6248_1993_00163_x.pd

The Generation of Successive Unmarked Mutations and Chromosomal Insertion of Heterologous Genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Using Natural Transformation

We have developed a simple method of generating scarless, unmarked mutations in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by exploiting the ability of this bacterium to undergo natural transformation, and with no need to introduce plasmids encoding recombinases or resolvases. This method involves two successive rounds of natural transformation using linear DNA: the first introduces a cassette carrying cat (which allows selection by chloramphenicol) and sacB (which allows counter-selection using sucrose) flanked by sequences to either side of the target gene; the second transformation utilises the flanking sequences ligated directly to each other in order to remove the cat-sacB cassette. In order to ensure efficient uptake of the target DNA during transformation, A. pleuropneumoniae uptake sequences are added into the constructs used in both rounds of transformation. This method can be used to generate multiple successive deletions and can also be used to introduce targeted point mutations or insertions of heterologous genes into the A. pleuropneumoniae chromosome for development of live attenuated vaccine strains. So far, we have applied this method to highly transformable isolates of serovars 8 (MIDG2331), which is the most prevalent in the UK, and 15 (HS143). By screening clinical isolates of other serovars, it should be possible to identify other amenable strains

The Exomars Climate Sounder (EMCS) Investigation

The ExoMars Climate Sounder (EMCS) investigation is developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Principal Investigator J. T. Schofield) in collaboration with an international scientific team from France, the United Kingdom and the USA. EMCS plans to map daily, global, pole-to-pole profiles of temperature, dust, water and CO2 ices, and water vapor from the proposed 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (EMTGO). These profiles are to be assimilated into Mars General Circulation Models (MGCMs) to generate global, interpolated fields of measured and derived parameters such as wind