Impulsivity influences food intake in women with generalized anxiety disorder

Objective: Eating behavior is affected by psychological and neurocognitive factors. However, little is known about this relationship in anxious patients. Our aim was to investigate the associations between impulsivity, inhibitory control, energy-dense food consumption, and body mass index (BMI) in women with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 51 adult females with GAD answered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and participated in a go/no-go task using food images. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated. A food frequency questionnaire and a snack test were used to study eating behavior. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the variables of interest, adjusted by age. Results: Impulsivity predicted intake of sugar (p = 0.016, 95%CI 0.67-6.05), total fat (p = 0.007, 95% CI 0.62-3.71), and saturated fat (p = 0.004, 95%CI 0.30-1.48). The snack test showed a positive correlation between presence of impulsivity and intake of biscuits (R = 0.296; p = 0.051). Response inhibition to food images in the go/no-go task paradigm did not predict BMI or food intake. Conclusion: Impulsivity was predictive of higher sugar and saturated fat intake in women diagnosed with GAD. Our findings add to the literature regarding the association between neuropsychological factors and food consumption in this specific population

Interação entre a responsividade ao estresse e a sensibilidade à insulina na resposta à saciedade e ao comportamento alimentar

Introdução: O estilo de vida moderno proporciona uma grande exposição a eventos estressores e uma maior disponibilidade e facilidade de consumo dos alimentos hiperpalatáveis. O aumento da exposição ao estresse propicia, na maioria da vezes, aumento do consumo de comfort foods (alimentos ricos em açúcar e em gordura) e redução da ingestão de frutas e vegetais. Dessa forma, a obesidade pode estar relacionada com alterações comportamentais e metabólicas da resposta ao estresse. O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar a interação entre os níveis de cortisol, associados à responsividade ao estresse, e a sensibilidade à insulina na resposta da saciedade e nas práticas do comportamento alimentar. Métodos: Vinte e quatro adolescentes participaram da avaliação do comportamento alimentar com aplicação do Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) e tiveram o sangue coletado para medir a insulina sanguínea. A saliva foi coletada antes, logo após e 30 minutos após exposição ao estresse para a medida de cortisol. Também foi avaliada a classificação da saciedade percebida antes e após um lanche padronizado. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma interação entre a responsividade ao estresse e a sensibilidade à insulina no comportamento alimentar. Observou-se um aumento da alimentação emocional na medida em que aumentou a responsividade ao estresse nos indivíduos com resistência à insulina (B = 15,227 P = 0.015). Essa interação não ocorreu para os outros tipos de alimentação medidos pelo DEBQ, restritiva (P = 0,689) e externa (P = 0,582), e nem para saciedade induzida pelo lanche (P = 0,074). Conclusão: Este trabalho sugere a importância do perfil metabólico relacionado à sensibilidade à insulina no entendimento do efeito do cortisol sobre o consumo emocional. O conhecimento dessa interação pode ser importante no manejo da obesidade, uma vez que esta condição geralmente apresenta-se em concomitância com a resistência à insulina. Portanto, o uso de alimentos confortantes em resposta ao estresse pode ser um fator perpetuador da obesidade nestes indivíduos. Desenvolver estratégias não alimentares para lidar com o estresse, em conjunto com a orientação nutricional adequada parece ser fundamental para o controle do ganho de peso nessa população hiperesponsiva.Introduction: The modern lifestyle provides a large exposure to stressful events and a better availability and easiness of consuming hyperpalatable food. The increasing exposure to stress induces, most of times, the increase of the comfort foods consumption and the decrease of fruits and vegetables ingestion. Thereby, obesity can be related to behaviour and metabolic modifications in response to stress. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between cortisol levels, related to the responsiveness to stress, and the sensibility to insulin in satiety response and feeding behaviour. Methods: Twenty-four teenagers were enrolled in the feeding behaviour assessment by the application of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and biochemistry evaluation based on blood insulin. The salivary cortisol quantities were collected before, shortly after and 30 minutes after the exposure to stress. Meal-induced satiety was evaluated by measuring subjective feelings of hunger before and after a standard snack. Results: In this study, it was found an interaction between the response to stress and the sensibility to insulin in the eating behaviour. There was a raise of emotional feeding as the responsiveness to stress increased in insulin resistant individuals (B = 15,227 P = 0.015). This interaction did not occur either at the other types of eating measured by the DEBQ, restrictive (P = 0,689) and external (P = 0,582), or in the satiety induced by the meal (P = 0,074). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the metabolic profile related to insulin sensitivity was decisive to elicit the cortisol effect on the emotional consumption. The knowledge about this interaction can be important in obesity management, considering that this disease is often seen in concomitance with insulin resistance; the chronic, recurrent use of “comfort foods” to relieve stress symptoms can be a perpetuator factor of obesity in these individuals. Developing non-feeding strategies to deal with stress, allied with a reasonable nutritional orientation appears to be fundamental to control the weight gain on this population

Associação entre aspectos neurocognitivos, atencionais e antropométricos com o comportamento alimentar em indivíduos com transtorno de ansiedade generalizada

Introdução: Ainda não existem resultados consistentes na literatura sobre o comportamento alimentar dos pacientes ansiosos, assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar aspectos neurocognitivos, atencionais e antropométricos que podem influenciar o comportamento alimentar de indivíduos com Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG). Métodos: Sessenta e quatro indivíduos adultos com diagnóstico de TAG (média de idade= 34±12; 80% sexo feminino) participaram deste estudo transversal. Os participantes realizaram medidas antropométricas em jejum. Em seguida, foram aplicados os questionários Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) – que avaliam os domínios Alimentação Emocional, Descontrole Alimentar e Restrição Cognitiva; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) – que avaliam os domínios Falta de Planejamento e Controle Inibitório; Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)- que avalia o mindfulness de forma multidimensional; uma Tarefa Neurocognitiva com imagens neutras e de alimentos e uma Tarefa Alimentar. Todos os modelos de regressão construídos para as análises foram controlados por sexo e idade. Resultados: Os sintomas ansiosos (p=0,009) e o maior percentual de gordura (p=0,013) se mostraram mais prevalentes nos indivíduos com maior comer emocional quando comparados aos com menor comer emocional. O descontrole alimentar mostrou uma relação positiva com os sintomas ansiosos, o IMC e o estado mindful no cotidiano (p<0,001). Por outro lado, a restrição alimentar cognitiva se relacionou apenas com o IMC e de forma negativa (p=0,012). Os erros da tarefa neurocognitiva frente a imagens de alimentos, ou seja, o controle inibitório frente a pistas alimentares se relacionou com o IMC e com os dois domínios do comportamento impulsivo: a falta de planejamento e o controle inibitório (p<0,001). Os erros frente a imagens neutras foram influenciados apenas pela a idade (p=0,010). O consumo de biscoitos na tarefa alimentar se relacionou positivamente com a falta de planejamento e o controle inibitório e negativamente com IMC (p<0,001). Conclusão: Foi observada a influência dos sintomas ansiosos, da impulsividade, do estado mindful no cotidiano e do estado nutricional (IMC/percentual de gordura) em desfechos diversos referentes ao comportamento alimentar nessa população com TAG. Esse achado ressalta a importância de individualizar o tratamento nutricional, com o objetivo de alcançar maior efetividade em estratégias tanto nutricionais, como psiquiátricas, psicológicas e/ou neurocognitivas.Introduction: There are still no consistent results on the eating behavior of anxious patients, and then the goal of this study is to investigate neurocognitive, attentional and anthropometric aspects that may influence the eating behavior of individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods: Sixty-four adult individuals diagnosed with GAD (age mean= 34 ± 12; 80% female) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants had their blood collected (after a 12 hours fast) and performed anthropometric measurements. Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) - which measures three domains of eating behavior: cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) - which measures two domains of impulsivity: non-planning and inhibitory control; Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) - which measures mindfulness in a multidimensional way; a Go/no-go Task with neutral and food images and a Snack Test were applied. All regression models constructed for analyzes were controlled by sex and age. Results: The anxiety symptoms (p=0,009) and the higher fat percentage (p=0,013) were more prevalent in individuals with higher emotional eating when compared to those with lower emotional eating. The uncontrolled eating showed a positive relation with the anxiety symptoms, the BMI and the mindful state (p<0,001). On the other hand, cognitive restriction was negatively related only to BMI (p=0,012). The errors on the food-based go/no-go task, that is, the inhibitory control of food cues were related to BMI and to the two domains of impulsive behavior, non-planning and inhibitory control (p<0,001). The commission errors in the neutral task were influenced only by age (p=0,010). The consumption of cookies in the snack test was positively related to non-planning and inhibitory control and negatively with BMI (p<0,001). Conclusion: The influence of anxiety symptoms, impulsivity, mindful state and nutritional status (BMI / fat percentage) was observed in different outcomes related to eating behavior in this population with GAD. This finding highlight the importance of individual nutritional treatment, with the aim of achieving greater effectiveness in nutritional as well as psychiatric, psychological and / or neurocognitive strategies

Associação entre aspectos neurocognitivos, atencionais e antropométricos com o comportamento alimentar em indivíduos com transtorno de ansiedade generalizada

Introdução: Ainda não existem resultados consistentes na literatura sobre o comportamento alimentar dos pacientes ansiosos, assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar aspectos neurocognitivos, atencionais e antropométricos que podem influenciar o comportamento alimentar de indivíduos com Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG). Métodos: Sessenta e quatro indivíduos adultos com diagnóstico de TAG (média de idade= 34±12; 80% sexo feminino) participaram deste estudo transversal. Os participantes realizaram medidas antropométricas em jejum. Em seguida, foram aplicados os questionários Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) – que avaliam os domínios Alimentação Emocional, Descontrole Alimentar e Restrição Cognitiva; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) – que avaliam os domínios Falta de Planejamento e Controle Inibitório; Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)- que avalia o mindfulness de forma multidimensional; uma Tarefa Neurocognitiva com imagens neutras e de alimentos e uma Tarefa Alimentar. Todos os modelos de regressão construídos para as análises foram controlados por sexo e idade. Resultados: Os sintomas ansiosos (p=0,009) e o maior percentual de gordura (p=0,013) se mostraram mais prevalentes nos indivíduos com maior comer emocional quando comparados aos com menor comer emocional. O descontrole alimentar mostrou uma relação positiva com os sintomas ansiosos, o IMC e o estado mindful no cotidiano (p<0,001). Por outro lado, a restrição alimentar cognitiva se relacionou apenas com o IMC e de forma negativa (p=0,012). Os erros da tarefa neurocognitiva frente a imagens de alimentos, ou seja, o controle inibitório frente a pistas alimentares se relacionou com o IMC e com os dois domínios do comportamento impulsivo: a falta de planejamento e o controle inibitório (p<0,001). Os erros frente a imagens neutras foram influenciados apenas pela a idade (p=0,010). O consumo de biscoitos na tarefa alimentar se relacionou positivamente com a falta de planejamento e o controle inibitório e negativamente com IMC (p<0,001). Conclusão: Foi observada a influência dos sintomas ansiosos, da impulsividade, do estado mindful no cotidiano e do estado nutricional (IMC/percentual de gordura) em desfechos diversos referentes ao comportamento alimentar nessa população com TAG. Esse achado ressalta a importância de individualizar o tratamento nutricional, com o objetivo de alcançar maior efetividade em estratégias tanto nutricionais, como psiquiátricas, psicológicas e/ou neurocognitivas.Introduction: There are still no consistent results on the eating behavior of anxious patients, and then the goal of this study is to investigate neurocognitive, attentional and anthropometric aspects that may influence the eating behavior of individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods: Sixty-four adult individuals diagnosed with GAD (age mean= 34 ± 12; 80% female) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants had their blood collected (after a 12 hours fast) and performed anthropometric measurements. Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) - which measures three domains of eating behavior: cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) - which measures two domains of impulsivity: non-planning and inhibitory control; Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) - which measures mindfulness in a multidimensional way; a Go/no-go Task with neutral and food images and a Snack Test were applied. All regression models constructed for analyzes were controlled by sex and age. Results: The anxiety symptoms (p=0,009) and the higher fat percentage (p=0,013) were more prevalent in individuals with higher emotional eating when compared to those with lower emotional eating. The uncontrolled eating showed a positive relation with the anxiety symptoms, the BMI and the mindful state (p<0,001). On the other hand, cognitive restriction was negatively related only to BMI (p=0,012). The errors on the food-based go/no-go task, that is, the inhibitory control of food cues were related to BMI and to the two domains of impulsive behavior, non-planning and inhibitory control (p<0,001). The commission errors in the neutral task were influenced only by age (p=0,010). The consumption of cookies in the snack test was positively related to non-planning and inhibitory control and negatively with BMI (p<0,001). Conclusion: The influence of anxiety symptoms, impulsivity, mindful state and nutritional status (BMI / fat percentage) was observed in different outcomes related to eating behavior in this population with GAD. This finding highlight the importance of individual nutritional treatment, with the aim of achieving greater effectiveness in nutritional as well as psychiatric, psychological and / or neurocognitive strategies

La correspondencia de Valencia : diario de noticias : eco imparcial de la opinión y de la prensa: Año XXVI Número 8926 - 1903 Septiembre 25

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance

We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt Iniciación grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013–2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science – MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.