Surveying Citizens: A Handbook for Municipal Officials Who Want to Know What Their Citizens Think

This handbook describes the process getting valid and reliable information from a citizen survey. It\u27s intended for readers who don\u27t have a substantial background in survey research or statistics. The basic premise is simple: Do it right or don\u27t bother to do it at all. The necessary steps to do it right allow for few shortcuts in planning, designing and implementing a high-quality citizen survey or in analyzing responses. Following the procedures and suggestions described here should yield questions that are valid (measures what you want to measure), reliable (consistent), and useful (results that relate to the survey objectives

Surveying Citizens: A Handbook for Municipal Officials Who Want to Know What Their Citizens Think (1995)

Doing a citizen survey can be as simple as determining a random sampling and making some phone calls - or it can be a time-consuming and costly project to help decision makers set the direction for your community\u27s future. The approach you take depends on the results you want. Some chapters of this publication are simple and offer easy-to-understand instructions for less-complicated surveys. Other chapters, particularly 5 and 6, offer for those interested much more detail, including statistical explanations and detailed descriptions of software uses. Don\u27t let it throw you if we\u27ve got more information here than you need. Simply use what you need - and go do a surve

Tennessee Municipal Benchmarking Project FY2010

FY2010 annual report to compare the relative cost, efficiency and effectiveness of a set of municipal services by using a collaborative approach with the participating cities, and to set standards and identify best practices in municipal government for use and comparison by all Tennessee cities. Per capita average costs of providing police, fire and residential refuse services are presented

Identification of a Metabolic Disposal Route for the Oncometabolite S-(2-succino)cysteine in Bacillus subtilis

Cellular thiols such as cysteine spontaneously and readily react with the respiratory intermediate fumarate, resulting in the formation of stable S-(2-succino)-adducts. Fumarate-mediated succination of thiols increases in certain tumors and in response to glucotoxicity associated with diabetes. Therefore, S-(2-succino)-adducts such as S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC) are considered oncometabolites and biomarkers for human disease. No disposal routes for S-(2-succino)-compounds have been reported prior to this study. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis metabolizes 2SC to cysteine using a pathway encoded by the yxe operon. The first step is N-acetylation of 2SC followed by an oxygenation that we propose results in the release of oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, which is deacetylated to give cysteine. Knockouts of the genes predicted to mediate each step in the pathway lose the ability to grow on 2SC as the sulfur source and accumulate the expected upstream metabolite(s). We further show that N-acetylation of 2SC relieves toxicity. This is the first demonstration of a metabolic disposal route for any S-(2-succino)-compound, paving the way toward the identification of corresponding pathways in other species

L’abri sous-roche du Rozel (France, Manche) : un habitat de la phase récente du Paléolithique moyen dans son contexte géomorphologique

Situé sur la côte ouest du Cotentin (Manche), le site du Rozel a livré un complexe de deux niveaux d’occupations anthropiques. L’abri sous-roche conservait les vestiges d’un habitat comportant des structures de combustion, du mobilier lithique et fait exceptionnel dans le Cotentin des restes osseux. L’ensemble s’inscrit dans une formation dunaire sus-jacente à une plage ancienne.Initialement attribué à un Périgordien ancien, le site a fait l’objet d’une “ relecture ” visant à préciser son attribution chronostratigraphique et chronoculturelle.Le Rozel est actuellement le seul gisement de Basse-Normandie a avoir livré une industrie lithique à composante mixte. Les matières premières utilisées sont le quartz filonien prélevé à l’intérieur même de l’abri, et les galets de silex prélevés dans les cordons littoraux actifs à l’époque. Les générations successives de grands cordons littoraux formés au fur et à mesure de la régression weichsélienne ont été enfouies très rapidement par le massif dunaire, ne permettant plus l’exploitation de leur contenu, riche en nodules propices à la taille. Le débitage apparaît orienté, dans les deux niveaux, vers la production d’éclats prédéterminés (principalement Levallois) et d’enlèvements allongés. Un schéma opératoire laminaire de type paléolithique supérieur a été mis en évidence dans le niveau supérieur, lié à l’occupation principale de l’abri. Le site intègre l’ensemble des gisements à industrie laminaire de gestion volumétrique du début du Dernier Glaciaire. La faune représentée témoigne de conditions environnementales plutôt tempérées où l’aurochs, les cervidés et dans une moindre mesure les chevaux dominent. L’originalité du site réside dans la présence d’un fragment mandibulaire de morse, associé à l’occupation, témoignant de conditions subarctiques temporaires. L’analyse des vestiges de faune atteste de travaux de boucherie (découpe, fracturation des os longs) et traduit différents modes d’acquisition, ou des traitements particuliers en fonction des espèces.La convergence des observations effectuées dans les différentes disciplines indique que les occupations du site du Rozel se rapportent à la phase récente du Paléolithique moyen du début du dernier glaciaire weichsélien et non au Paléolithique supérieur initial.Located on the Western coast, the Rozel provided an archaeological complex characterized by two occupation levels. The shelter has preserved traces of a habitat with combustion structures, lithic tools, and faunal remains, an exception on the Cotentin peninsula. The settlement is located in littoral dune upon a complex raised beach.Initially attributed to an Early Perigordian occupation, this site has been reinvestigated from a stratigraphic and cultural point of view. The Rozel shelter is the only occupation in the region presenting a mixed lithic industry. The raw materials used for tools are vein quartz found inside the shelter, and flint cobbles from the active gravel ridges. The successive gravels ridges raised step by step during the weichselian regression were rapidly buried by drift dune sands limiting exploitation of there high content of suitable flint knapping nodules.. In the two occupation layers “debitage” seems to be oriented to the production of predeterminated flakes (manly Levallois technique) and elongated flakes. An operating procedure ‘laminaire de type paléolithique supérieur’, has been revealed in the upper floor, in relation with the main occupation of the site. Le Rozel is an integral part of the series if sites presenting volumetric blade industries from the beginning of the Weichselian. The preserved fauna attests of mostly temperate environments dominated by wild ox, deer and some horses. The particular interest of this site is the occurrence of a fragment of walrus bone in association with the occupation attesting of temporary subarctic climatic conditions. Analysis of the faunal remains attests to various slaughtering and butchering techniques indicating different methods used according to species. All these multidisciplinary approaches assign all of Le Rozel shelter occupations to the beginning of the Weichselian, not to the Early Upper Palaeolithic

Ultrastructural Characterization of SARS Coronavirus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first described during a 2002–2003 global outbreak of severe pneumonia associated with human deaths and person-to-person disease transmission. The etiologic agent was initially identified as a coronavirus by thin-section electron microscopic examination of a virus isolate. Virions were spherical, 78 nm in mean diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. Herein, we show that infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus resulted in distinct ultrastructural features: double-membrane vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and large granular areas of cytoplasm. These three structures and the coronavirus particles were shown to be positive for viral proteins and RNA by using ultrastructural immunogold and in situ hybridization assays. In addition, ultrastructural examination of a bronchiolar lavage specimen from a SARS patient showed numerous coronavirus-infected cells with features similar to those in infected culture cells. Electron microscopic studies were critical in identifying the etiologic agent of the SARS outbreak and in guiding subsequent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations

Co-circulation of Four Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) in Queensland Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Illnesses in 2004

Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) with unconfirmed infectious aetiologies peak at different times of the year. Molecular diagnostic assays reduce the number of unconfirmed ARIs compared to serology- or culture-based techniques. Screening of 888 inpatient and outpatient respiratory specimens spanning late autumn through to early spring, 2004, identified the presence of a human coronavirus (HCoV) on 74 occasions (8.3% of all specimens and 26.3% of all respiratory virus detections). Prevalence peaked in August (late winter in the southern hemisphere) when they were detected in 21.9% of specimens tested. HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 comprised 82.4% of all HCoVs detected. Positive specimens were used to develop novel reverse transcriptase real-time PCRs (RT-rtPCRs) for HCoV detection. An objective clinical severity score was assigned to each positive HCoV patient. Severity scores were similar to those from a random selection of young children who were positive for respiratory syncytial virus at a different time but from the same specimen population. During the cooler months of 2004, sensitive and specific RT-rtPCRs identified the concurrent circulation of all four HCoVs, a quarter of which co-occurred with another virus and most of which were from children under the age of two years

Identification and Validation of Novel Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Staging Early Alzheimer's Disease

Ideally, disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease (AD) will be applied during the 'preclinical' stage (pathology present with cognition intact) before severe neuronal damage occurs, or upon recognizing very mild cognitive impairment. Developing and judiciously administering such therapies will require biomarker panels to identify early AD pathology, classify disease stage, monitor pathological progression, and predict cognitive decline. To discover such biomarkers, we measured AD-associated changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome.CSF samples from individuals with mild AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 1) (n = 24) and cognitively normal controls (CDR 0) (n = 24) were subjected to two-dimensional difference-in-gel electrophoresis. Within 119 differentially-abundant gel features, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 47 proteins. For validation, eleven proteins were re-evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six of these assays (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I, transthyretin, cystatin C) distinguished CDR 1 and CDR 0 groups and were subsequently applied (with tau, p-tau181 and Aβ42 ELISAs) to a larger independent cohort (n = 292) that included individuals with very mild dementia (CDR 0.5). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses using stepwise logistic regression yielded optimal biomarker combinations to distinguish CDR 0 from CDR>0 (tau, YKL-40, NrCAM) and CDR 1 from CDR<1 (tau, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) with areas under the curve of 0.90 (0.85-0.94 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 0.88 (0.81-0.94 CI), respectively.Four novel CSF biomarkers for AD (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) can improve the diagnostic accuracy of Aβ42 and tau. Together, these six markers describe six clinicopathological stages from cognitive normalcy to mild dementia, including stages defined by increased risk of cognitive decline. Such a panel might improve clinical trial efficiency by guiding subject enrollment and monitoring disease progression. Further studies will be required to validate this panel and evaluate its potential for distinguishing AD from other dementing conditions