Characteristics of the boat inductor for keeping liquid metal in the suspended state

Characteristics of the boat inductor for keeping liquid metal in the suspended state are examined. Behavioral features of the liquid metal, and the suspension boundary of liquid metal in the lower position are discussed. It is concluded that the inductor can be used to crystallize metals in the suspended state

The Discovery of the Gold Seal in 1784 and the Waves of Historiography Ever Since

According to the Hou Han shu, in 57 B.C.E. an emissary from the land we now call Japan arrived at the court of the Later Han dynasty in Luoyang. Although we don’t know his name or who his sovereign was, he was awarded a seal and ribbon. The seal promptly disappeared from history for the next 1,727 years. It was unexpectedly discovered in an irrigation ditch being repaired by a farmer in Kyushu. For the next 233 years （until now）, every detail about this golden seal has been the topic of extensive debate with over 350 books and articles devoted to the topic. This essay discusses that lengthy debate and tries to understand it on its own terms

Teaching Criminology Through Experiential Learning: Issues and Strategies

Experiential learning can take many forms and be usedin many ways. In its basic form, it involves moving awayfrom a strict lecture-based model of teaching toward an approach that positions the student as an active participantin his or her own learning and development. Typical useof the approach is in smaller-sized, advanced level classeswhere student involvement is often the expectation. The approach can, however, be used to capture the learning imaginations of students in lecture halls in their early undergraduate years. This paper explores the issues ofadopting an experiential approach in the discipline of Criminology, as well as describing various strategies toalleviate them.Key words: Criminology; Higher education;Experiential learnin

Illegal Aliens: Economic Aspects and Public Policy Alternatives

This article discusses the economic impact of illegal aliens on the United States economy. The author starts by briefly addressing four different kinds of impacts on the United States from illegal immigration: Sociopolitical, Population, Labor standards, and Social welfare costs. The author then examines the impact of immigration on the market including general trends, the effect of immigration on the market in the current period, the fear of American workers being displaced from their jobs, and the impact on employment and wages. Next the author examines immigration policy both as an ethical problem and how to restrict illegal immigration. The author concludes that the only way to prevent illegal immigration is to take away the incentive, which is employment, by making it illegal to hire illegal aliens and require legal workers to carry some sort of work card

The Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Human Body

Hormone replacement therapy has been used for decades to treat hormonal imbalances in women and more recently men. The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate different hormones used in this common practice and evaluate them for efficacy and safety. Research was conducted using PubMed and other databases from the Grand Valley State University Library. Keywords such as “hormone replacement therapy,” “estrogen risks,” and “hypogonadism” were used to evaluate peer-reviewed articles from 1993-2014. There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that testosterone seems to be an effective treatment for hypogonadism. Estrogen may also be effective if risk factors for breast cancer are taken into consideration. Hormone replacement therapy should utilize individual dosing and not be used long term until further research is conducted

Multi-Impulse to Time Optimal Finite Burn Trajectory Conversion

A novel conversion algorithm is presented that combines the fidelity of indirect optimization methods with the generality of direct methods to more easily solve time-optimal, finite-burn pseudo-rendezvous problems. An algorithm is described that converts a set of multiple-impulses, representing the entirety or a portion of a high- or low-thrust maneuver, to an exact time optimal finite-burn trajectory for a thrust limited, constant exhaust velocity spacecraft. A pseudo-rendezvous problem is one that yields a solution whose final time, position and velocity state is equal to that of the original post-impulsive trajectory. An iterative adjoint-control transformation is used to initialize the optimal control two-point boundary value problem. Examples are shown for both high and low-thrust non-coplanar Earth orbit transfers, as well as a low-thrust Hohmann-type Earth-Mars transfer

Kink stability, propagation, and length scale competition in the periodically modulated sine-Gordon equation

We have examined the dynamical behavior of the kink solutions of the one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation in the presence of a spatially periodic parametric perturbation. Our study clarifies and extends the currently available knowledge on this and related nonlinear problems in four directions. First, we present the results of a numerical simulation program which are not compatible with the existence of a radiative threshold, predicted by earlier calculations. Second, we carry out a perturbative calculation which helps interpret those previous predictions, enabling us to understand in depth our numerical results. Third, we apply the collective coordinate formalism to this system and demonstrate numerically that it accurately reproduces the observed kink dynamics. Fourth, we report on a novel occurrence of length scale competition in this system and show how it can be understood by means of linear stability analysis. Finally, we conclude by summarizing the general physical framework that arises from our study.Comment: 19 pages, REVTeX 3.0, 24 figures available from A S o

Effects of sucrose detection threshold and weight status on intake of fruit and vegetables in children

Past research on the relationship between taste sensitivity and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake in children has focused on sensitivity to bitter taste. The effects of sensitivity to sweet taste on intake of FV have never been investigated. Furthermore, the effects of children's weight on intake of FV are inconclusive. This study measured the effects of Sucrose Detection Threshold (SDT) and weight status on intake of FV in children. The participants of this study were 99 children between 5–9 years old. Parents reported their own and their children's 24 hour intake of FV and completed a measure of children's sensory sensitivity. Children completed the triangle test with suprathreshold concentrations of sucrose ranging between 0.2% and 1.6%, in 0.2% increments. Two MANCOVAs showed that, controlling for parental intake and children's sensory sensitivity, there was a main effect of SDT on intake of fruit (p < 0.05), which was exclusive to non-astringent fruit (p < 0.05), and cruciferous vegetables (p < 0.01). Weight status had no effect on intake of FV. Mechanisms behind the effects of SDT are discussed in the context of past research on bitter taste sensitivity

The Promises and Pitfalls of State Eyewitness Identification Reforms

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of state-based eyewitness identification reforms, including legislative directives, evidentiary rules, and judicial interpretations of state constitutions as providing greater protection against the use of unreliable eyewitness evidence than the United State Supreme Court offered in its 1977 decision in Manson v. Brathwaite. While previous scholarship has included thorough consideration of a single state\u27s eyewitness law, state-by-state analysis of a sub-issue in eyewitness law, and brief general surveys of state approaches to eyewitness reform, this article adds to the current body of scholarship with an in-depth evaluation of eyewitness identification law in states that have either rejected the federal constitutional test or have adopted other statewide measures to reduce the likelihood of wrongful conviction through eyewitness misidentification. The analysis is based not only on examination of the texts of legislative directives and of the seminal state judicial opinions that scholars have cited previously as examples of state alternatives to Manson, but also on assessment of the subsequent application and qualification of those opinions, often in ways that have undermined the modest progress of the earlier decisions. This evaluation demonstrates that incremental, state-based reforms have been significantly less promising than the qualfied praise they have received would suggest. For states that have expressed a commitment to assessing eyewitness evidence in accord with scientific developments, this article\u27s exposure of the conceptual inadequacy of many states\u27 measures, the inconsistent application of theoretically sound reorms, and, frequently, retreat from broad statements of dedication to the development of legal directives in harmony with scientific consensus, should serve as a caution and as an inspiration to do better. Ultimately, states should implement measures to ensure that law enforcement will conduct identification procedures in accord with best practices, and they should equi judges with the tools to prevent the use of unreliable eyewitness evidence in court

Beyond Manson and Lukolongo: A Critique of American and Zambian Eyewitness Law with Recommendations for Reform in the Developing World

This article is a comparative analysis of U.S. and Zambian eyewitness law. I analyze the two countries\u27 approaches to eyewitness law in the context of the longstanding debate on whether rules or standards best effectuate underlying social values. With regard to the United States, I conclude that either a rule or a standard for admission of eyewitness evidence could provide effective protection of defendants\u27 due process rights while also promoting the societal interest in admitting reliable proof of guilt. I then conduct the first comprehensive analysis of Zambian eyewitness cases and conclude that Zambian eyewitness law is, in some ways, superior to the law in the United States. Ultimately, I argue that threats to judicial independence and extreme lack of legal resources in Zambia make rules superior to standards for eyewitness law in that country. I speculate that this analysis may have relevance in other developing countries and beyond the realm of eyewitness law