Occurrence and comparative analysis of root rot in thinned spruce stands

Bakalaureusetöö Metsamajanduse õppekavalJuuremädaniku tekitajad - juurepess (Heterobasidion spp.) ja külmaseen (Armillaria sp.) on hariliku kuuse (Picea abies L.) puistutes olulised majandusliku kahju tekitajad, põhjustades puidu kvaliteedi halvenemist. Juuremädanike levimist mõjutavad puistus läbi viidud harvendusraiete hulk, raiete teostamise periood ja puistu vanus. Bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli uurida, kui ulatuslik on olnud juuremädanike levik viljakate kasvukohatüüpide kuuse puistutes 2-aastase perioodi jooksul. Uuritavad alad paiknesid Tartumaa metskonnas ning Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskonnas. Kümnest puistust koguti 2015. aastal 132 juurdekasvuproovi, nendest määrati juurepessu liigiline koosseis ja ulatus ning võrreldi tulemusi 2013. aastal saadud andmetega. Lisaks analüüsiti külmaseene esinemist juurepessuga nakatunud proovidest (kokku 29 juurdekasvuproovi). Töö tulemusena selgus , et juurepessu ulatus (%) on 2-aasta jooksul kasvanud viiel alal, kolmel alal jäänud samale tasemele ja kahel alal ei ole juuremädanike esinemist määratud. Külmaseene esinemist määrati juurepessu poolt nakatunud proovidest kahelt alalt, kokku kolmelt puult. Juhuslikult valitud juurepessu nakkuseta puudest külmaseene esinemist ei tuvastatud.Heterobasidion spp. root rot causes high economical damage in Norway spruce stands. The spread of Heterobasidion spp.is mainly influenced by thinning period, thinning frequency and age of the stand fresh stumps are susceptible to Heterobasidion spp. infection.. The aim of the Bachelor’s Thesis is to investigate the spread of Heterobasidion spp. infection in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands in fertile forest site types over 2 year period Samples were collected from Tartumaa forest district and Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest Centre in year 2015. Collected incremental samples were analysed to determine species of the pathogen and the results were compared samples collected in 2013. The results have indicated that distribution of root rot in is increased in five areas, however the spread remained same in three areas and Heterobasidion spp. infection wasn’t detected in two areas. Armillaria sp. infection was determined from trees infected with Heterobasidion spp. ,Armillaria sp. infection was not found from randomly selected samples without Heterobasidion spp. infection

Analyses of root and butt rot damages in over 80 year old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands

Magistritöö Metsamajanduse õppekavalMagistritöös uuriti juure- ja tüvemädanike esinemist üle 80 aastastes harvendatud ja harvendamata hariliku kuuse enamusega puistutes. Eesmärk oli analüüsida juure- ja tüvemädanike osakaalu ja levikut viljakates kasvukohatüüpides ning tegureid, mis enim mõjutavad mädanike levikut, sealhulgas puistu koosseisu (okaspuu või lehtpuu) mõju juuremädanike levikule. Andmeid koguti 59 alalt, igalt alalt koguti proove 12 puult, kokku analüüsiti 708 hariliku kuuse juurdekasvuproovi. Juurdekasvuproovide liigispetsiifilised PCR - analüüsid juureja tüvemädanike tuvastamiseks teostati Eesti Maaülikooli metsapatoloogia- ja geneetika laboris. Lisaks analüüsiti uue põlvkonna sekveneerimise (Illumina platform) abil 32 juurdekasvuproovist teisi mädanikutekitajad Töö tulemusena selgus, et eelkõige juurepessu kahjustuse tõttu oli kuusikutes vanuses 101+ sanitaarne seisund oluliselt halvenenud võrreldes 81-100 aastaste puistutega. Kuuse enamusega puistutes mõjutab juure- ja tüvemädanike (külmaseen ja juurepess) osakaalu puistu keskmine diameeter, samuti mõjutab patogeenide levikut suurem okaspuude (männi ja kuuse) ning üllatuslikult lehtpuude (kase ja haava) keskmine osakaal. Juurepessu levikut suurendas vanuses 101+ aastat kõige enam suurem okaspuu (kuuse ja männi) koosseis puistus, mulla pH ning kase koosseis puistus ning puistute harvendamata jätmine. Harvendatud aladel vanusegrupis 81-100 oli juurepessu kahjustusi enam (39,4%) kui harvendamata aladel (35,1%). Vanusegrupis 101+ oli tulemus vastupidine, kus harvendamata aladel (47,2%) tuvastati juurepessu kahjustust enam kui harvendatud aladel (46,7%). Harvendamata puistutes vanusegrupis 81-100 suureneb juurepessu osakaal okaspuu koosseisu suurenemisel, kuid vanusegrupis 101+ juurepessu leviku intensiivsus ei sõltunud okaspuu koosseisust. Harvendatud aladel nii selgeid seoseid ei olnud ning puistu okaspuu koosseisu ja juurepessu esinemise vahel ei olnud seosed statistiliselt olulised. Harvendmata puistutes vanuses 81-100 aastat lehtpuu koosseisu suurenedes vähenes juurepessu kahjustuse osakaal, kuid vanusegrupis 101+ olid tulemused vastupidised, lehtpuu osakaalu suurenemisel suurenes ka juurepessu osakaal. Harvendatud kuuse enamusega puistutes ei olnud statistiliselt olulisi seoseid lehtpuu osakaalu ja juurepessu esinemise vahel. Kasvukohatüüpide analüüsimisel selgus, et sinilille kasvukohatüübi kuusikutes vanusegrupis 81-100 oli juurepessust kahjustatud 51% puudest ning 101+ vanusegrupis 36,6% puudest. Naadi kasvukohatüübis oli vanusegrupis 81-100 aastat juurepessu poolt kahjustatud 11,1% puudest ning 101+ vanusegrupis 41,1% puudest. Jänesekapsa kasvukohatüübi puistutes oli vanusegrupis 81-100 juurepessu poolt kahjustatud 36% ning 101+ vanuses 50% puudest. Teised mädanikutekitajad harilikul kuusel, mida juurdekasvuproovidest tuvastati olid jalg-jänesepäss, kännupess ning kuusekorgik. Töö tulemustest järeldub, et kuusikute sanitaarne seisund vanuses 81-206 aastat on kehv sõltumata sellest, kas puistud on harvendatud või harvendamata ning raiete teostamine ei ole ainus juuremädanike levikut soodustav faktor, seda mõjutavad lisaks ka mitmed teised tegurid.In this Master’s thesis, root and butt rot in Norway spruce stands over the age of 80 were studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of root and butt rot and distribution in fertile forest site types. In addition, the effect of stand composition (conifer or deciduous) on the spread of root and butt rot was analyzed. Samples was collected from 59 plot, 12 samples from each plot. In total, 708 Norway spruce increment core samples were analyzed. Increment core samples were analyzed using species-specific PCR primers to detect root and butt rot agents. The analyses were carried out in the Laboratory of Forest Pathology and Genetics at the Estonian University of Life Sciences, and the new generation sequencing (Illumina platform) was done at the Institute of Genomics in University of Tartu. As a result, 101+ year old Norway spruce stands were significantly affected by Heterobasidion root rot compared to 81-100 year old stands. In Norway spruce stands, the percentage of root and butt rot (caused by Heterobasidion spp. and Armillaria spp.) was influenced by average diameter, proportion of Scots pine and Norway spruce, and suprisingly, proportion of birch and aspen in stands. The spread of Heterobasidion root rot was affected by composition of coniferius trees (Norway spruce and Scots pine), soil pH, composition of birch and if the stand was managed or unmanaged. Heterobasidion root rot damage was higher in managed plots in age 81-100 (39.4%) compared to unmanaged stands (35.1%). However, in 101+ year old unthinned stands Heterobasidion root rot damage was higher (47.2%) compared to thinned stands (46.7%). The effect of stand composition showed that in unmanaged 81-100 year old stands Heterobasidion root rot damage increased significantly when the proportion of coniferous trees was enlarged. In age 101+, the proportion of coniferous trees did not have statistically significant differences. In thinned plots there was a statistically insignificant correlation between the composition of coniferous trees and the occurrence of Heterobasidion root rot. As the composition of deciduous trees increased, the proportion of Heterobasidion root rot damage decreased in unmanaged spruce dominated stands of age 81-100. In unmanaged 101+ year old stands, the results were opposite: the proportion of Heterobasidion root rot damage was increasing when the composition of deciduous trees was higher. In thinned stands, there was statistically insignificant difference between the composition of deciduous trees and the damage of Heterobasidion root rot in thinned spruce stands. Analyzing the forest site types, Heterobasidion root rot was frequent in Hepatica forest site type (51% of stands aged 81-100 and in 36.6% of stands aged 101+ were infected). In Aegopodium forest site type the damage of Heterobasidion root rot was 11.1% in the age group 81-100 and 41.1% in the age group 101+. In Oxalis site type spruce stands damage by Heterobasidion root rot was 36% in the age group 81-100 and 50% in age group 101+. Other fungi that cause root rot were also detected in Norway spruce increment core samples, and those fungi were: Onnia Tomentosa, Fomitopsis pinicola and Antrodia serialis. The sanitary condition of Norway spruce stands of age 81-206 is poor and forest management is not the only reason affecting the spread of Heterobasidion root and butt rot, the health conditions were influenced by various other factors

Estonian women’s national volleyball team’s success in 2019 European Championship final tournament

The aim of the article was to analyse the game success and tactics of the Estonian team in subgroup C of the 2019 European Championship final tournament in sets won and lost. The subjects were the players of the Estonian volleyball team in the final tournament of the European Championship in 2019. The paper analyses Estonia’s performance in five games of the European Championship: Hungary – Estonia, Croatia – Estonia, Romania – Estonia, the Netherlands – Estonia and Azerbaijan – Estonia. A total of 19 sets were analysed, four of which the Estonian national team won. As a result, it was concluded that the Estonian volleyball team had higher efficiency indicators in all the four technical elements in the sets they won than in the sets they lost. Ball reception and serve efficiency differed less in the sets won and lost than attacking and blocking efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded that sets were lost mainly because of attack and block, not serve and reception. The most efficient receiver (50%) in the Estonian women’s team was K. Nõlvak. The most efficient server (80%) was opposite spiker K. Moor. In attack, the most efficient player was outside hitter A. Ennok (28%). Estonia’s setter J. Mõnnakmäe was the most efficient in blocking (24%). L. Kullerkann also performed at a very good level among middle blockers and collected the greatest number of blocks in the tournament (57). K. Laak scored the greatest number of points in the championship (36 points)

Offensive pass tactics analysis of volleyball setters in olympic finals of 2000 and 2021

The aim of the current study was to analyse offensive pass tactics in Olympic Games finals in 2000 and 2021. The authors of the study were interested how the game of volleyball has developed in 20 years, whether it has become faster or even slower. We were also interested whether setters’ game tactics had changed in 20 years. Therefore, we undertook three tasks: to compare offensive pass tactics according to types of sets; to compare the distribution of offensive passes between zones and to compare the ball flight phase times of offensive passes. Based on videos of two Olympic finals (eight sets), a total of 327 offensive passes were analysed, which were divided into different types of sets, and the ball flight phase time of each offensive pass was fixed. It was also taken into account whether the setter had had an excellent, good or bad reception or first touch before performing the set. The videos were analysed using the Kinovea program; the quality of the first video was 360p and of the second 1080p. The first final studied was played in Sydney, Australia, on 1 October 2000 between the men’s volleyball teams of Yugoslavia and Russia, and the second on 7 August in Tokyo, Japan, between the men’s teams of France and Russia. To find statistically significant differences in data, Student’s t-test, p < 0.05, was used. The results revealed that in 20 years setters’ offensive pass tactics had changed; new offensive pass types had been introduced in both back and front zones. As a result of comparison of mean times of ball flight phases, the authors state that in one case the flight phase speed increased, namely in the case of offensive pass into zone 4; in another case, it became slower – in the case of offensive pass tempo forward. In addition to offensive passes played in 2000, new types of offensive pass were played in 2021, such as back line set between zones 6 and 1, back line set between zones 5 and 6, and the shoot set. The tandem combination played in 2000 was not performed once in 2021. The five most popular offensive passes turned out to be sharp sets into zone 4, sharp sets into zone 2, tempo sets forward, sharp back line sets into zone 2, high sets into zone 4. The difference of 2021 compared to 2000 was that the shoot combination was played on the frontline (6% of all the sets), and the back line attack was used 5% more often. The comparison of ball flight phase times revealed that the mean time of the flight phase decreased only in the case of the sharp set into zone 4. Namely, the mean time of the ball flight phase in 2000 was 1.12 seconds, in 2021, however, 0.97 seconds. This can be explained by sharper and faster sets into zone 4. But in the case of the tempo set forward, the mean time of the ball flight phase increased from 0.40 to 0.49 seconds by 2021. The authors’ explanation is that tempo sets were not hit from so near to the setter but, to make blocking more difficult, tempo sets were set longer, or somewhat higher tempo set was used. A statistically significant difference between the two finals was found in the case of sharp set into zone 4 and tempo set forward

Rekreatiivsete, sportlike ja turismitegevuse mõjud kaitsealadel – tegevuste, huvigruppide ja tegevuspaikade kaardistamine ning külastuskorralduslike soovituste väljatöötamine : lõpparuanne

See aruanne kajastab SA Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskuse (KIK) rahastatud projekti nr 3- 2_7/11017-2/2020 „Rekreatiivsete, sportlike ja turismitegevuse mõjud kaitsealadel – tegevuste, huvigruppide ja tegevuspaikade kaardistamine ning külastuskorralduslike soovituste väljatöötamine“ tegevuste ja uuringute kokkuvõtet. Projekti eesmärgid olid järgmised: ● Hinnata kvantitatiivselt ja kvalitatiivselt Eesti loodusmaastikel, sealhulgas kaitsealadel harrastatavaid rekreatiivseid, sportlikke ja turismitegevusi pakkuvad ettevõtteid, organisatsioone ja nende tegevuste harrastajaskonda. ● Hinnata tegevuste harrastajate ja korraldajate nõudlust maastikele ja kooslustele, sh kaitsealadel, motiive ja eesmärke looduskeskkonnas viibimiseks ning teadlikkust keskkonnast ja looduskaitsest. ● Kaardistada peamised tegevuskohad ja piirkonnad. ● Koostöös kõigi osapooltega leida lahendused rekreatiivsete ja turismitegevuste keskkonnasõbralikumaks korraldamiseks kaitsealadel ja väljaspool kaitsealasid. Projekti viisid aastatel 2020–2022 läbi Eesti Maaülikooli põllumajanduse ja keskkonnainstituudi elurikkuse ja loodusturismi õppetooli ning Tallinna Ülikooli loodus- ja terviseteaduse instituudi töötajad. Materjali kogumises osalesid ka mõlema ülikooli tudengid ning kaasa aitasid paljude harrastajate kogukonnad ja sündmuste korraldajad üle kogu Eesti. Aruande koostajad tänavad kõiki kolleege ja koostööpartnereid Keskkonnaametist, Riigimetsa Majandamise Keskusest (RMK), EAS Turismiarenduskeskusest ja kõigist muudest institutsioonidest, kes aitasid ühel või teisel moel kaasa uuringu tegevustele.Keskkonnainvesteeringute Kesku

BIOTIC DIVERSITY OF KARELIA: CONDITIONS OF FORMATION, COMMUNITIES AND SPECIES

The monograph generalises vast data characterising the diversity of the biota in Russian Karelia. The data pool includes both materials of long-term studies, and new data collected in 1997–2000 within the Russian-Finnish project “Inventory and studies of biological diversity in Republic of Karelia”. The volume is composed of four interrelated chapters. Chapter one provides a detailed account of the climatic, geological, geomorphological, hydrological and soil conditions in which the regional biota has been forming. Chapter two describes and evaluates the diversity of forest, mire and meadow communities, and the third chapter details the terrestrial biota at the species level (vascular plants, mosses, aphyllophoroid fungi, lichens, mammals, birds, insects). A special section is devoted to the flora and fauna of aquatic ecosystems (algae, zooplankton, periphyton, macrozoobenthos, fishes). Wide use is made of various zoning approaches based on biodiversity-related criteria. Current status of the regional biota, including its diversity in protected areas, is analysed with elements of the human impact assessment. A concise glossary of the terms used is annexed. This is an unprecedentally multi-faceted review, at least for the taiga zone of European Russia. The volume offers extensive reference materials for researchers in a widest range of ecological and biological fields, including graduate and post-graduate students. The monograph is also available in Russian

Varastointikustannusten läpinäkyvyys oston tueksi

Varastointi on tärkeä osa yrityksen liiketoimintaa. Yritysten keskeisessä kilpailussa varastoinnin tehokkuus korostuu suurena kilpailuvalttina. Varastoihin voi sitoutua todella paljon pääomaa. Yleisesti puolet logistiikkakustannuksista on varastoinnin ja varastointiin sitoutuvan pääoman kustannuksia. Tämä insinöörityö on toteutettu Suomessa sijaitsevalle globaalille teknologiayritykselle. Insinöörityön tavoitteena on tutkia kohdeyrityksen varastointia ja tämän kustannuksia sekä tuoda tutkimuksen tulokset yrityksen jokapäiväiseen käyttöön. Näihin liittyvinä tavoitteina on kehittää oston toimintaa, parantaa yhtiön sisäistä läpinäkyvyyttä, varastoihin sitoutuneen pääoman vähentäminen ja varastokustannusten minimoiminen. Tämä tutkimus oli tarpeellista toteuttaa, sillä kohdeyrityksellä ei ole tällä hetkellä olemassa minkäänlaista työkalua, jossa nykyiset varastokustannukset esiintyisivät. Näin ollen kohdeyritys ei ole ottanut tähän mennessä huomioon varastoista aiheutuvia kustannuksia päätöksenteossa. Tässä insinöörityössä kehitettyä työkalua sekä selvitystä voidaan käyttää tulevaisuudessa suoraan varaston hallintaan liittyvien päätöksien tueksi. Tämä insinöörityö sisältää kaksi pääosaa: ensimmäisessä tutkitaan aiheeseen liittyvää teoreettista viitekehystä, minkä jälkeen toisessa osassa suoritetaan empiiriseen tutkimukseen perustuva yritystutkimus. Tutkimuksen aikana selvitetään varastointikustannukset, luodaan uusi työkalu kohdeyrityksen käyttöön ja lasketaan säästöpotentiaali. Lopuksi vedetään tutkimuksen tuloksista johtopäätökset ja käsitellään kehitysehdotukset

Automatisering av en långtidsmätning av organiska solceller

Organic solar cells represent a clean and renewable source of energy. They are cheaper and handier than conventional silicon solar cells, but have lower efficiency and shorter lifetime. This project was conducted to assist a two years' outdoor study on the lifetime of organic solarcells, in order to better understand the lifetime-affecting factors. An outdoor stand for the solar cells was designed, a partly working Python program for automatic measurement control was made and a stable link between all hardware parts in the setup was established.Organiska solceller representerar en ren och förnybar energikälla. De är billigare och behändigare än konventionella kiselsolceller, men har lägre verkningsgrad och kortare livslängd. Detta projekt utfördes för att assistera en tvåårig utomhusstudie om organiska solcellers livslängd i syfte att bättre förstå de faktorer som påverkar livslängden. Ett utomhusställ designades för solcellerna, ett delvis fungerande Pythonprogram gjordes för automatisk kontroll av mätningen och en stabil länk upprättades mellan samtliga hårdvarudelar i uppställningen