232 research outputs found
Transcriptional regulation of prostate kallikrein-like genes by androgen.
Using gene-specific synthetic oligonucleotides the
expression and regulation of kallikrein-like genes in
the human prostatic cancer cell line LNCaP were
studied. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human
glandular kallikrein (hGK-1) together constitute a
subfamily of serine proteases exclusively produced
in the human prostate. RNA analysis revealed that
both genes are expressed in LNCaP cells with PSA
basal levels being 2-fold higher than hGK-1 levels.
Both mRNAs are induced over a period of 24 h in
the presence of 3.3 nM of the synthetic androgen
mibolerone. Stimulation of PSA RNA is about 5-
fold,whereas hGK-1 stimulation is less pronounced.
Nuclear run-on analysis revealed that androgen induction
of kallikrein-like genes in LNCaP cells is a
rapid event (c3 h) occurring at the level of transcription
initiation. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide
demonstrates that, while PSA/hGK-1 basal transcription
strictly depends on continuous protein synthesis,
transcriptional induction by androgen does
not. This suggests the direct involvement of the
androgen receptor in the induction process independent
of additional labile protein factors necessary
for kallikrein basal transcription. A binding motif
is present in the PSA and hGK-1 promoters, closely
resembling the consensus sequence for steroidresponsive
elements. The androgen antagonist cyproterone
acetate was also able to stimulate transcription
of kallikrein-like genes in LNCaP cells. In
contrast, androgen-dependent transcriptional
suppression of the protooncogene c-myc was
strongly counteracted by cyproterone acetate. Thus,
antiandrogens act differentially on androgen-regulated
prostate-specific (PSA, hGK-1) and growthrelated
(c-myc) gene expression in LNCaP cells
Generalized prime models
A prime model O of some complete theory T is a model which can be elementarily imbedded into any model of T (cf. Vaught [7, Introduction]). We are going to replace the assumption that T is complete and that the maps between the models of T are elementary imbeddings (elementary extensions) by more general conditions. T will always be a first order theory with identity and may have function symbols. The language L(T) of T will be denumerable. The maps between models will be so called F-maps, i.e. maps which preserve a certain set F of formulas of L(T) (cf. I.1, 2). Roughly speaking a generalized prime model of T is a denumerable model O which permits an F-map O→M into any model M of T. Furthermore O has to be "generated” by formulas which belong to a certain subset G of
Learning By Teaching: A Cultural Historical Perspective On A Teacher’s Development
How can teacher development be characterised? In this paper we offer a conceptualisation of teacher development as the enhancement of knowledge and capabilities to function in the activity of a teacher and illustrate with a case study. Our analytic focus is on the development of a science teacher, David, as he engaged in an innovative, collaborative project on learning photonics at a metropolitan secondary school in Australia. Three dimensions of development emerged: technical confidence and competence, pedagogical development and personal agency. We explore the transformative effects of intrapersonal tensions within the teacher’s constitution of his role in the emerging community of enquiry — positioning him in turn as learner, instructor and facilitator. We view the context for David’s actions as a complex and dynamic system and interpret David’s development as arising from his responses to the differences in his emerging roles in the project
Orrpolyposis kezelésére szolgáló gombaellenes hatóanyag tartalmú készítmény fejlesztésének klinikai és analitikai vonatkozásai
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Stakeholders of the Online Pharmaceutical Market
During the past two decades, the pharmacy supply chain has developed a new segment besides traditional “brick and mortar” pharmacies. The expansion of the internet, consumer experience in online purchases, the ease of mail order trade, and distance selling have facilitated the growth of the internet pharmacy landscape. Changes in health-seeking behavior, patient empowerment, and openness to self-diagnosis and self-treatment have also contributed to the phenomenon and were further facilitated by the pandemic. Various types of online medicinal product sellers have been published previously, however, authors have classified online pharmacies mainly according to legality and patient safety considerations. As online pharmacies show great diversity, no distinct categories can be specified, rather pharmacies on the web can be categorized by multiple aspects. Admittedly, consumer preferences, regulatory environment, and legitimacy of operation are key influencing factors. In this chapter, key aspects of categorization and nomenclature are discussed to profile different vendors on the internet
Phase Operator Problem and Macroscopic Extension of Quantum Mechanics
To find the Hermitian phase operatorof a single-mode electromagnetic field in
quantum mechanics, the Schroedinger representation is extended to a larger
Hilbert space augmented by states with infinite excitation by nonstandard
analysis. The Hermitian phase operator is shown to exist on the extended
Hilbert space. This operator is naturally considered as the controversial limit
of the approximate phase operators on finite dimensional spaces proposed by
Pegg and Barnett. The spectral measure of this operator is a Naimark extension
of the optimal probability operator-valued measure for the phase parameter
found by Helstrom. Eventually, the two promising approaches to the statistics
of the phase in quantum mechanics is unified by means of the Hermitian phase
operator in the macroscopic extension of the Schroedinger representation.Comment: 26 pages, LaTeX, no figures, to appear in Ann. Phys. (N.Y.
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