66 research outputs found
Construcciones con avance estilĂstico en el catalĂĄn antiguo
Stylistic Fronting is a phenomenon that has been intensively studied with respect to the symmetric Germanic Verb Second languages: Old/Modern Icelandic, Old/Modern Faeroese but also Middle English and Modern Yiddish. Standardly Stylistic Fronting is seen as an operation that moves an element in front of the finite verb in order to rescue the verb second constraint, in sentences that contain a subject gap. With the claim that the Old Romance languages are symmetric verb second languages, it soon followed that inverted elements in embedded contexts were analysed analogously to the Germanic inverted elements, i.e. as displaying Stylistic Fronting (Cardinaletti & Roberts 1991, Fontana 1993). In this paper I will present examples that show an nearly identical case of inversion in Old Catalan; nearly identical, because
in Old Catalan there are examples with stylistically fronted elements that donât obey one of the formulated constraints of Stylistic Fronting: they appear next to a full subject. Furthermore, we find an interesting interplay between Stylistic Fronting and enclitic pronouns: not only that they disappear exactly at the same time in the history of Catalan, they also exclude each other during the time they were possible in Old Catalan. In this paper I hope to show that contrary to recent opinions Stylistic Fronting in Old Romance does have an effect on the information structure of the sentence comparable to the effect that topicalisation has on the information structural interpretation
Drivers of Iron Cycling in Sediments of the sub-Antarctic Island South Georgia
Sediments of sub-Antarctic islands have been proposed to
be important contributors to natural iron fertilization in the
Southern Ocean [1, 2]. This potential contribution depends
on biogeochemical processes within the sediment that may
result in an iron benthic flux, most likely related to the degradation
of organic matter (OM). Yet, the OM degradation
pathways vary strongly among different sedimentary settings.
We elucidate the role of environmental factors on the
prevailing biogeochemical pathways and reaction rates at
three contrasting sites of South Georgia, using comprehensive
solid-phase and pore-water analyses, as well as transportreaction
modelling. Samples were obtained along a transect
from a glacial fjord towards the shelf during cruise ANTXXIX/
4 of RV POLARSTERN in 2013.
Oxygen penetration depth at all sites is <1 cm. Sediments
recovered within the fjord are dominated by dissimilatory
iron reduction (DIR) and show very high dissolved Fe2+ concentrations
of up to 760 ÎŒM, while sulfide was not detected.
In addition, Fe reduction below the sulfate/methane transition
was observed. High input of reactive iron phases, possibly
enhanced by bioturbation and bubble ebullition, appear to
favour DIR as the dominant metabolic process for OM degradation
in the basin like fjord.
Shelf sediments outside the fjord are sulfidic throughout,
with H2S formed primarily by anaerobic oxidation of methane.
The conversion of Fe oxides into Fe sulfides significantly
alters the initial sediment composition along the shelf,
and impact the availability of iron to the water column.
OM is of marine origin at all three sites (C:N~7), indicating
that Fe oxide availability and reactivity rather than the
carbon source determine whether iron or sulfate reduction
dominantes.
[1] Moore & Braucher (2008) Biogeosciences 5, 631-656.
[2] Borrione et al., (2014) Biogeosciences 11, 1981â2001
Regioselective functionalization of tetrabromophenanthroline-ruthenium complexes
Structural, photophysical and -chemical characterisation and reactivity of a novel polypyridyl
ruthenium complex based on 3,5,6,8-tetra-bromophenanthroline are discussed.
Signal storage at a molecular level is great challenge for chemistry.1 The possibility of
connecting different functionalities selectively to one ligand of a metal complex may open the
route towards higher integrated molecular units capable of processing various external stimuli
in a predesignated order. The implementation of this concept demands ligands with a
multitude of potential connecting groups which can selectively be transformed.2 3-bromo- and
3,8-dibromophenanthrolines have proved useful for the preparation of mononuclear3 and
multiheteronuclear complexes.4 These systems have found applications ranging from DNA
photoprobes5 to metalloligands in catalysis.6 A very useful feature of this
bromophenanthroline ruthenium complexes is their susceptibility towards nucleophilic
aromatic substitution which is very well established
Assessing forest availability for wood supply in Europe
The quantification of forests available for wood supply (FAWS) is essential for decision-making with regard to
the maintenance and enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to the global carbon cycle. The
provision of harmonized forest statistics is necessary for the development of forest associated policies and to
support decision-making. Based on the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data from 13 European countries, we
quantify and compare the areas and aboveground dry biomass (AGB) of FAWS and forest not available for wood
supply (FNAWS) according to national and reference definitions by determining the restrictions and associated
thresholds considered at country level to classify forests as FAWS or FNAWS.
FAWS represent between 75 and 95 % of forest area and AGB for most of the countries in this study. Economic
restrictions are the main factor limiting the availability of forests for wood supply, accounting for 67 % of the
total FNAWS area and 56 % of the total FNAWS AGB, followed by environmental restrictions. Profitability, slope
and accessibility as economic restrictions, and protected areas as environmental restrictions are the factors most
frequently considered to distinguish between FAWS and FNAWS. With respect to the area of FNAWS associated
with each type of restriction, an overlap among the restrictions of 13.7 % was identified. For most countries, the differences in the FNAWS areas and AGB estimates between national and reference definitions ranged from 0 to
5 %. These results highlight the applicability and reliability of a FAWS reference definition for most of the
European countries studied, thereby facilitating a consistent approach to assess forests available for supply for
the purpose of international reportinginfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting and Dutch processing on flavan-3-ol stereochemistry in cacao beans and cocoa ingredients
This paper reports a systematic study of the level of flavan-3-ol monomers during typical processing steps as cacao beans are dried, fermented and roasted and the results of Dutch-processing. Methods have been used that resolve the stereoisomers of epicatechin and catechin. In beans harvested from unripe and ripe cacao pods, we find only (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin with (-)-epicatechin being by far the predominant isomer. When beans are fermented there is a large loss of both (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, but also the formation of (-)-catechin. We hypothesize that the heat of fermentation may, in part, be responsible for the formation of this enantiomer. When beans are progressively roasted at conditions described as low, medium and high roast conditions, there is a progressive loss of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin and an increase in (-)-catechin with the higher roast levels. When natural and Dutch-processed cacao powders are analyzed, there is progressive loss of both (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin with lesser losses of (-)-catechin. We thus observe that in even lightly Dutch-processed powder, the level of (-)-catechin exceeds the level of (-)-epicatechin. The results indicate that much of the increase in the level of (-)-catechin observed during various processing steps may be the result of heat-related epimerization from (-)-epicatechin. These results are discussed with reference to the reported preferred order of absorption of (-)-epicatechin > (+)-catechin > (-)-catechin. These results are also discussed with respect to the balance that must be struck between the beneficial impact of fermentation and roasting on chocolate flavor and the healthful benefits of chocolate and cocoa powder that result in part from the flavan-3-ol monomers
Lens stem cells may reside outside the lens capsule: an hypothesis
In this paper, we consider the ocular lens in the context of contemporary developments in biological ideas. We attempt to reconcile lens biology with stem cell concepts and a dearth of lens tumors
Assessing forest availability for wood supply in Europe
14 PĂĄg.The quantification of forests available for wood supply (FAWS) is essential for decision-making with regard to the maintenance and enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to the global carbon cycle. The provision of harmonized forest statistics is necessary for the development of forest associated policies and to support decision-making. Based on the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data from 13 European countries, we quantify and compare the areas and aboveground dry biomass (AGB) of FAWS and forest not available for wood supply (FNAWS) according to national and reference definitions by determining the restrictions and associated thresholds considered at country level to classify forests as FAWS or FNAWS. FAWS represent between 75 and 95 % of forest area and AGB for most of the countries in this study. Economic restrictions are the main factor limiting the availability of forests for wood supply, accounting for 67 % of the total FNAWS area and 56 % of the total FNAWS AGB, followed by environmental restrictions. Profitability, slope and accessibility as economic restrictions, and protected areas as environmental restrictions are the factors most frequently considered to distinguish between FAWS and FNAWS. With respect to the area of FNAWS associated with each type of restriction, an overlap among the restrictions of 13.7 % was identified. For most countries, the differences in the FNAWS areas and AGB estimates between national and reference definitions ranged from 0 to 5 %. These results highlight the applicability and reliability of a FAWS reference definition for most of the European countries studied, thereby facilitating a consistent approach to assess forests available for supply for the purpose of international reporting.This research was supported by the Specific contract n. 18 âUse of National Forest Inventories data to estimate area and above ground biomass in European forests not available for wood supplyâ in the context of the Framework contract for the provision of forest data and services supporting the European Forest Data Centre 2012/ S 78-127532 of 21/04/2012 of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission; the EG-013-72 agreement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA) and the INIA belonging to the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN); and the project No.APVV-15-0265 granted by the Slovak Research and Development
Agency.Peer reviewe
Der Geologische Dienst in Sachsen: Festband zum JubilÀum 150 Jahre Landesgeologie
Der Geologische Dienst von Sachsen feiert im Jahr 2022 sein 150-jĂ€hriges JubilĂ€um â am 6. April 1872 wurde die Geologische Landesuntersuchung im Königreich Sachsen gegrĂŒndet. Auf 153 Seiten der Reihe âGeoprofilâ werden Einblicke in die Arbeit des Geologischen Dienstes im LfULG, seinen Aufgaben und die Dienste als zustĂ€ndige Fachbehörde gegeben. Die elf EinzelbeitrĂ€ge zeigen die aktuellen Herausforderungen und Chancen, die sich aus den Themenbereichen Umwelt, Naturschutz und Geologie fĂŒr Sachsen stellen. Im Einzelnen geht es in den BeitrĂ€gen um die sĂ€chsische Rohstoffstrategie, die Suche nach einem Endlagerstandort fĂŒr radioaktive AbfĂ€lle, ErdwĂ€rme, Hydrogeologie, die Eisenbahn Neubaustrecke Dresden â Prag, Naturgefahren, das geowissenschaftliche Archiv, TrĂ€ger öffentlicher Belange (TöB), Geoparks und einen Blick in die 150 jĂ€hrige Geschichte.
Redaktionsschluss: 30.11.202
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