Ways of Transition to Clean Energy Use: Two Methodological Approaches

The combustion of fossil fuels for the production of energy has already resulted in significant modifications of the earth's environment, primarily through the emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. The modern world primary energy consumption patterns and its trends lead to the utilization of dirtier and more expensive fossil fuels. The desire to protect the environment is contradictory Lo such structural changes in energy like the broader use of coal as substitution for liquid fuels, taking into account the depletion of coal deposits with low sulfur contents. Previous studies carried out at IIASA, in the FRG, the US, the USSR and other countries, formulate one long-term technological strategy that might limit pollutant emissions sufficiently to permit an efficient and ecologically sustainable development of the world's energy consumption patterns. This technological strategy is based on the implementation of the so-called Integrated Energy Systems (IES) or Integrated Energy-Chemical Systems (IECS). The basic idea of IES incorporates the decomposition and purification of primary fossil energy inputs before combustion, the integration of these decomposed (clean) products and the allocation of them in line with the requirements for final energy. Thus, Integrated Energy Systems represent a concept for providing a flexible range of final energy forms from varying inputs of different primary energy sources. Other potential advantages include improved performance of the whole energy system, such as higher efficiencies and lower environmental impacts. The joint report of the Kernforschungsanlage Julich (KFA), Julich, FRG and the Siberian Energy Institute (SEI), Irkutsk, USSR describes the concepts, methodological approaches, and preliminary results of the analysis of technological options and technoeconomic properties of the different types of integrated energy systems. The study of KFA and SEI, based on the cooperation with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, emphasizes the common viewpoint that the idea of integrated energy systems constitutes an essential basis for new studies on energy systems with a high degree of utilizing primary energy sources and with low emissions

Construction of variational factors for quasilinear second order partial differential equations

Using our methodology the next results are delivered. For concrete types of quasi-linear partial differential equations (PDE) for which classical variational principle is fulfilled, are constructed in explicit form some variational factors. It has also been demonstrated the existence of some particular cases where the above mentioned solution does not exist. For certain linear PDE types such solutions are described. Concerning linear PDE hyperbolic and elliptic types, the solutions led to lower bounded functionals

Construction of variational factors for quasilinear second order partial differential equations

Using our methodology the next results are delivered. For concrete types of quasi-linear partial differential equations (PDE) for which classical variational principle is fulfilled, are constructed in explicit form some variational factors. It has also been demonstrated the existence of some particular cases where the above mentioned solution does not exist. For certain linear PDE types such solutions are described. Concerning linear PDE hyperbolic and elliptic types, the solutions led to lower bounded functionals

Measurement of J/Ψ production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

The production of J/psi mesons in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV is studied with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The differential cross-section for prompt J/psi production is measured as a function of the J/psi transverse momentum p(T) and rapidity y in the fiducial region p(T) is an element of [0; 14] GeV/c and y is an element of [2.0; 4.5]. The differential cross-section and fraction of J/psi from b-hadron decays are also measured in the same p(T) and y ranges. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.2 pb(-1). The measured cross-sections integrated over the fiducial region are 10.52 +/- 0.04 +/- 1.40(-2.20)(+1.64) mu b for prompt J/psi production and 1.14 +/- 0.01 +/- 0.16 mu b for J/psi from b-hadron decays, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The prompt J/psi production cross-section is obtained assuming no J/psi polarisation and the third error indicates the acceptance uncertainty due to this assumption