Cult image or decor? : options for the interpretation of deities on provincial coinage from Asia Minor in an overview of research history

The interpretation of figures of deities on the reverse of the coins of Asia Minor cities of the imperial period is usually done in several steps. The deity is generally quickly determined. It is difficult, however, to establish the superior intention behind the depiction. Does the figure refer to a real cult statue of the emitting city, is the image ‘only’ a reference to a local cult or was it chosen to symbolise, for instance, political connections of cities? The essay brings together opinions from 140 years of international numismatic scholarship and thus offers an overview of the changing patterns of interpretation as well as their range in general. In the end, a more conscious approach to the figures of the gods on coins and a more reflective methodological approach are recommended

The IAGOS-Core Greenhouse Gas package: a CO2, CH4, CO and H2O measurement system for deployment on board commercial airliners

Reliable measurement systems are the basis for investigating the temporal and spatial atmospheric distribution of the most significant greenhouse gases and for understanding their budgets, trends and connection to global climate change. Within the framework of the IAGOS project (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) an analyser for the autonomous measurement of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2 and CH4 , as well as CO and water vapour was designed, tested and qualified for deployment aboard passenger aircrafts. It is based on a commercial cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument which has been modified to meet the specific requirements regarding physical dimensions, automatic and long-term operation and safety issues on board commercial airliners. This work presents results from test flights and laboratory tests that document the performance of the CO2, CH4, CO and water vapour measurements

Remote fragmentations of protonated aromatic carbonyl compounds via internal reactions in intermediary ion-neutral complexes

Thielking G, Filges U, Grützmacher H-F. Remote fragmentations of protonated aromatic carbonyl compounds via internal reactions in intermediary ion-neutral complexes. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 1992;3(4):417-426.Protonated aromatic aldehydes and methyl ketones 1a-10a, carrying initially the proton at the carbonyl group, are prepared by electron impact-induced loss of a methyl radical from 1-arylethanols and 2-aryl-2-propanols, respectively. The aryl moiety of the ions corresponds to a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, respectively, each substituted by a CH3OCH2 side-chain as remote from the acyl substituent as possible. The characteristic reactions of the metastable ions, studied by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, are the elimination of methanol, the formation of CH3OCH2+ ions, and the elimination of an ester RCOOCH3 (R = H and CH3). The mechanisms of these fragmentations were studied by using D-labeled derivatives. Confirming earlier results, it is shown that the ester elimination, at least from the protonated aryl methyl ketones, has to proceed by an intermediate [acyl cation/arylmethyl methyl ether]-complex. The relative abundances of the elimination of methanol and of the ester decrease and increase, respectively, with the size of the aromatic system. Clearly, the fragmentation via intermediate ion-neutral complexes is favored for the larger ions. Furthermore, the acyl cation of these complexes can move unrestricted over quite large molecular distances to react with the remote CH3OCH2-side-chain, contrasting the restricted migration of a proton by 1,2-shifts ("ring walk") in these systems

Validation of spallation models for p+Al reactions at 180 MeV incident proton beam energy

Various observables measured at low beam energy of 180 MeV for proton induced reactions on 27Al targets have been compared with theoretical predictions of different spallation models. These models assume that the reactions proceed in two stages: the intranuclear cascade of nucleon–nucleon collisions followed by the de-excitation of equilibrated, excited remnants of the cascade. The calculations of the intranuclear cascade were performed by means of the INCL4.6 code, whereas the second stage of the reactions was realized using four different models: ABLA07, GEMINI++, GEM2, and SMM. It was found that the main properties of the experimental isobaric total production cross sections are reasonably well reproduced by all these spallation models. The shape of the energy averaged angular distributions of ejectiles with A = 7, 12, 16, 22, 24, and 25 was also well described by the models listed above, however the absolute magnitude of A = 7 and A = 25 data is strongly underestimated and overestimated, respectively. The theoretical energy spectra for A = 7, A = 16, and A = 22 are very similar for all the models and reproduce well the data for heavier ejectiles, whereas the A = 7 data deviate from the model cross sections for energies smaller than ≈ 10 MeV what may indicate the presence of a reaction mechanism not included in the spallation models. The following ranking of the four used models — all of them being coupled to the very same INCL4.6 INC model — was determined using the statistical H-test in a quantitative analysis: (1) GEMINI++, (2) SMM, (3) ABLA07, and (4) GEM2

Ranking and validation of spallation models for isotopic production cross sections of heavy residua

The production cross sections of isotopically identified residual nuclei of spallation reactions induced by ^{136}Xe projectiles at 500AMeV on hydrogen target were analyzed in a two-step model. The first stage of the reaction was described by the INCL4.6 model of an intranuclear cascade of nucleon-nucleon and pion-nucleon collisions whereas the second stage was analyzed by means of four different models; ABLA07, GEM2, GEMINI++ and SMM. The quality of the data description was judged quantitatively using two statistical deviation factors; the H-factor and the M-factor. It was found that the present analysis leads to a different ranking of models as compared to that obtained from the qualitative inspection of the data reproduction. The disagreement was caused by sensitivity of the deviation factors to large statistical errors present in some of the data. A new deviation factor, the A factor, was proposed, that is not sensitive to the statistical errors of the cross sections. The quantitative ranking of models performed using the A-factor agreed well with the qualitative analysis of the data. It was concluded that using the deviation factors weighted by statistical errors may lead to erroneous conclusions in the case when the data cover a large range of values. The quality of data reproduction by the theoretical models is discussed. Some systematic deviations of the theoretical predictions from the experimental results are observed

12-Step Programs to Reduce Illicit Drug Use

Many treatments are not rigorously evaluated as to their effectiveness, and it is uncertain which types of interventions are more effective than others in reducing illicit drug use. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic mapping of the research literature of the effectiveness of 12-step programs in reducing illicit drug use. A systematic literature search was conducted based on 17 international and Nordic bibliographic databases. A total of 15,993 references were screened, and eleven unique studies were finally included in this mapping. The included studies demonstrated conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of the 12-step treatment and TSF in reducing individuals' drug use. Two studies reported a positive effect of the TSF treatment compared to the comparison conditions in reducing drug use. Six studies reported no differences between the 12-step program and the comparison condition, and the remaining three studies reported a greater effect of the comparison condition. However, the included studies demonstrate that, in general, 12-step programs and the comparison conditions have some positive effects in reducing drug use and supporting abstinence among the participants