2D cross-hole MMR - survey design and sensitivity analysis for cross-hole applications of the magnetometric resistivity method

The magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method measures low-level (typically < 1nT) magnetic fields associated with a low-frequency (1 - 20 Hz) electric current impressed into the ground to determine the subsurface resistivity structure. As a step towards the implementation of MMR for cross-hole imaging, in this Ph.D. thesis several aspects of survey design for near-surface applications are discussed. In numerical, laboratory and field studies the potential of MMR for advanced structural characterization and process monitoring at the field scale is assessed. The 2D cross-hole setup considers borehole measurements of the magnetic field as response to borehole current injection; in this case the magnetic field has only one non-zero component (perpendicular to the imaging plane – B$_{y}$). Optimal survey parameters are inferred from numerical studies regarding signal strength, source-generated noise level and resolving power. Modeling of MMR responses over 2D conductivity structures was performed using a newly developed 2.5D FE program MMRMod. It could be proven that current injection via vertical dipoles provides superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to other transmitter configurations. Analyzing resolving power in terms of sensitivity distribution reveals that dipole configurations reflect confined subsurface volumes, advantageous for tomographic surveys and that transmitter-receiver combinations exceeding an offset equal to the borehole separation do not contribute significantly to the overall crosshole resolution. With the assistance of laboratory testing two concepts for solving two major difficulties inherent in cross-hole MMR field surveying are derived: the correction for the arbitrary borehole sensor orientation and the correction for parasitic correlated noise fields induced by the measurement system itself. The (latter) measurement method with phase switching is thereby first-time successfully applied to the processing of MMR data. In addition, the proposed data processing procedure includes modern lock-in-technique and has proven to be an appropriate tool for an effective information extraction from the measured magnetic fields. Finally, cross-hole MMR data were collected during a water infiltration experiment at the Gorgonzola test site. Acquisition and processing are accomplished according to the developed tomographic measurement approach involving multiple-offset transmitter-receiver arrangements and repeated measurements with time (time-lapse mode). Data, obtained during initially conducted background measurement, are qualitatively validated based on two different conductivity models, one of which is obtained from the inversion of independently collected ERT data. Importantly, the comparison of field data with predicted model curves suggests better resolvability of contrasts by MMR than by ERT. Moreover, the analysis of time-lapse measurements reveals a clear spatiotemporal dependence of the anomalous MMRresponse (MMR response with respect to background value) based upon the water saturation

Book Reviews

Wolfgang Weiss, Shakespeare in Bayern und auf Bairisch (Shakespeare in Bavaria and in Bavarian Regional Dialects), Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz, 2008, 1st ed. Pp. 201. ISBN: 978-3-88849-090-3. Manfred Pfister and Jürgen Gutsch (eds.), William Shakespeare’s Sonnets for the First Time Globally Reprinted: A Quatercentenary Anthology (with a DVD), Dozwil: Edition Signathur, 2009. Pp. 752. ISBN 978-3-908141-54-9. Re-playing Shakespeare in Asia, ed. Poonam Trivedi, Minami Ryuta, New York: Routledge 2010, 1st ed. Pp. 201. ISBN: 978-3-88849-090-3

Activation of Tripartite Motif Containing 63 Expression by Transcription Factor EB and Transcription Factor Binding to Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Enhancer 3 Is Regulated by Protein Kinase D and Class IIa Histone Deacetylases

Rationale: The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for skeletal muscle atrophy. We showed earlier that the transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a role by increasing E3 ubiquitin ligase muscle really interesting new gene-finger 1(MuRF1)/tripartite motif-containing 63 (TRIM63) expression. MuRF 1 ubiquitinates structural proteins and mediates their UPS-dependent degradation. We now investigated how TFEB-mediated TRIM63 expression is regulated. Objective: Because protein kinase D1 (PKD1), histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), and TFEB belong to respective families with close structural, regulatory, and functional properties, we hypothesized that these families comprise a network regulating TRIM63 expression. Methods and Results: We found that TFEB and transcription factor for immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer 3 (TFE3) activate TRIM63 expression. The class IIa HDACs HDAC4, HDAC5, and HDAC7 inhibited this activity. Furthermore, we could map the HDAC5 and TFE3 physical interaction. PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 reversed the inhibitory effect of all tested class IIa HDACs toward TFEB and TFE3. PKD1 mediated nuclear export of all HDACs and lifted TFEB and TFE3 repression. We also mapped the PKD2 and HDAC5 interaction. We found that the inhibitory effect of PKD1 and PKD2 toward HDAC4, HDAC5, and HDAC7 was mediated by their phosphorylation and 14-3-3 mediated nuclear export. Conclusion: TFEB and TFE3 activate TRIM63 expression. Both transcription factors are controlled by HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, and all PKD-family members. We propose that the multilevel PKD/HDAC/TFEB/TFE3 network tightly controls TRIM63 expression

Cadets’ Perceptions of Gymnastics Instruction for Officer Development

The United States Military Academy has offered gymnastics instruction since 1838. Gymnastics continues to be an integral component of the physical education curriculum. The purpose of this study was to investigate cadets\u27 perceptions of their experiences in a required gymnastics course using the critical incident technique. Students described experiences in the gymnastics class that they believed had a positive or negative influence on their development as cadets and future Army officers. Key elements of their responses were classified into 16 positively perceived and 11 negatively perceived categories. The top positive categories were confidence, encouragement, fear management, modeling, additional instruction, and teamwork. The top negative categories included lack of time, helplessness, discouragement, lack of relevance, unfair grading, and injur

Novel Biomarkers, Oxidative Stress, and the Role of Labile Iron Toxicity in Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and carries a poor prognosis. Hemodynamic and inflammatory factors and the release of labile iron, contributing to oxidation from reactive oxygen species are among the major determinants of cardiac surgery-associated AKI. The diagnosis of AKI is typically delayed because of the limitations of currently used clinical biomarkers indicating loss of renal function. However, several novel renal biomarkers, which predict AKI or protection from AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), have been identified as early markers of kidney injury. In this state-of-the-art review, the authors analyze the pathophysiological implications of recent findings regarding novel renal biomarkers in relation to CPB-associated AKI. Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, and alpha-1 microglobulin predict the development of CPB-associated AKI, while hepcidin isoforms appear to predict protection from it, and these biomarkers are involved in iron metabolism. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin participates in local iron transport. Liver-type fatty acid–binding protein and alpha-1 microglobulin function as high-affinity heme-binding proteins in different species, while hepcidin is central to iron sequestration and when increased in the urine appears to protectfrom CPB-associated AKI. Free iron-related, reactive oxygen species–mediated kidney injury appears to be the unifying pathophysiological connection for these biomarkers. Such novel findings on renal tubular biomarkers were further combined with other lines of evidence related to hemolysis during CPB, the associated excess of free heme and iron, knowledge of the effect of free iron on renal tubular cells, and recent trial evidence targeting free iron-mediated mechanisms of AKI. Novel biomarkers point toward free iron-mediated toxicity to be an important mechanism of AKI in patients receiving cardiac surgery with CPB

Don't Feed the Right: Zum medialen Umgang mit digitalen Hasskampagnen

Wie gelingt es Rechtsextremen heute, in die Mitte der Gesellschaft hineinzuwirken? Ein zentrales Element sind digitale Hasskampagnen: Kampagnen, die - ausgehend von einem bestimmten Ereignis - unter dem Deckmantel der Empörung gezielt Hass verbreiten, Menschen einschüchtern und den öffentlichen Diskurs nach rechts verschieben sollen. Der sensible Umgang der Medienschaffenden mit solchen Kampagnen ist ein Schlüssel, um die Wirkmacht der Rechten einzugrenzen und Menschen zu schützen, die in die Schusslinie geraten

Ein Einbaumfund bei Forst an der Oberweser 1938

"The last discovery of a dugout within the area bounded by the present-day borders of the rural district of Holzminden took place in the summer of 1938, creating a stir in the local press. After finding the dugout on the Holzminden side of the Weser, its discoverer pulled it across to the Hamelin-Pyrmont bank. As a result, two district archaeologists participated in the public discussion, each contributing several newspaper articles. The find was finally put in storage in Holzminden and forgotten in the course of the war. In December 1949 it once again became the subject of a debate, having evidently been burned for heat during a cold post-war winter. An anonymous author blamed the loss on an alleged dispute between the districts of Hamelin-Pyrmont and Holzminden over the rights to the vessel, evoking strong reactions from the district archaeologists involved. The reports as well as statements, photographs and drawings originating in the summer of 1938 provide information on the condition of the lost dugout. The sources also shed light on the state of theory and practice in a field of research that was still in its infancy while at the same time being ideologically overladen. In view of the more recent research carried out by Detlev Elmers and Christian Hirte, the interpretations of the 1930s - according to which the dugout of Forst was used as an independent vessel - can no longer be upheld. On the basis of the more recent studies, the 480-cm-long, 52-cm-wide dugout of Forst is more likely to have been the floating body of a Weser ferry. Yet unlike the other known floating elements of Weser ferries, the dugout of Forst exhibits massive ends, a feature which does not occur elsewhere. Due to the vessel's loss, the questions as to its age and type of wood will remain unanswered." (author's abstract