Indução de calos em sementes imaturas de Bertholletia excelsa

Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.,known as Brazil nuttree, belongs to the Lecythidaceae botanic family and is endemic to the AmazonianRegion. Its nuts have high economic and nutritional value. The objective of this work was to establish efficient protocols for callus induction from immature seeds of B.excelsa, as a preliminary step to its further micropropagation. After disinfestation, fragments of immature seeds were cultivated in WPM (Wood Plant Medium) supplemented with 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg.L-1) and TDZ (0, 1.6 and 3.2 mg.L-1) in factorial combination. Twenty-one days later the callus induction was evaluated. Cultures were kept in a growth room in the dark at 24±2ºC. The highest percentage of callus induction was found with the combination of 2 mg.L-12,4-D with 3.2 mg.L-1TDZ.Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., conhecida como castanheira-do-brasil, pertence à família Lecythidaceae e é uma espécie endêmica da Amazônia. Suas castanhas têm importante valor econômico e nutricional. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho determinar um protocolo eficiente para indução de calos em explantes de sementes imaturas de B. excelsa, primeiro passo para o estabelecimento de um protocolo de micropropagação da espécie. Após desinfestação, fragmentos de sementes imaturas foram cultivados em meio WPM (Wood Plant Medium) acrescido de 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg.L-1) e TDZ (0, 1,6 e 3,2 mg.L-1) em combinação fatorial. Após 21 dias, foi avaliada a indução de calos. Os cultivos foram mantidos no escuro, em sala de crescimento, a 24±2ºC. A condição que resulta em maior porcentagem de calogênese foi encontrada na combinação de 2 mg.L-1de 2,4-D com 3,2 mg.L-1de TDZ

ÁREAS COM POTENCIAL PARA CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS DA BACABA (Oenocarpus distichus) NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO, BRASIL

AREAS WITH POTENTIAL FOR THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES OF BACABA (Oenocarpus distichus) IN THE STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZILAREAS CON POTENCIAL PARA CONSERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS DA BACABA (Oenocarpus distichus) EN EL ESTADO DEL MARANHÃO, BRASILRESUMOAs bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) são palmeiras típicas da Amazônia que ocorrem com maior frequência no leste, dispersando-se do Pará ao Maranhão. A bacabeira por suas características ecobotânicas apresentam grandes oportunidades de serem valoradas em serviços ecossistêmicos. É explorada pelo extrativismo, seja para o consumo de seus frutos na forma de bebida ou na extração do óleo, podendo ser cultivadas em sistemas agroflorestais para a produção de frutos, palmito e, especialmente, o óleo. O presente estudo investigou e mapeou a ocorrência de populações naturais de Oenocarpus distichus no Maranhão para identificar as áreas com potenciais para conservação. A pesquisa é descritiva e foi realizada em diferentes sedes municipais e/ou povoados de seis microrregiões do estado do Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, Rosário e Itapecuru. Os pontos de ocorrência foram georreferenciados e armazenadas no aparelho GPS. Posteriormente no software (Qgis 2.18) foi feita a conversão das coordenadas de extensão KML para shapefile, criando um banco de dados utilizado para produzir o mapa da distribuição espacial da bacaba. Entre as áreas pesquisadas a maior ocorrência identificada foi na microrregião de Rosário, com destaque para os municípios de Axixá e Presidente Juscelino; seguido da microrregião do Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, em Serrano do Maranhão. Constatou-se que as populações de bacaba estão bastante reduzidas nas áreas mapeadas, contudo ainda existem indivíduos preservados em quintais, favorecendo estratégias de conservação on farm.Palavras-chave: Bacaba; Extrativismo; Maranhão.ABSTRACTThe bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) are typical palms tree from Amazon that occur more frequently in the east, dispersing from Pará to Maranhão. The bacabeira due to its ecobotanical characteristics present great opportunities to be valued in ecosystem services. It is exploited by extractivism, either for the consumption of its fruits in the form of drinks or in the extraction of oil and can be grown in agroforestry systems to produce fruits, hearts of palm and, especially, oil. The present study investigated and mapped the occurrence of natural populations of Oenocarpus distichus in Maranhão to identify potential areas to conservation. The research is descriptive and was realized in different municipal headquarters and/or populated in six microregions in the state of Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Ocidental Maranhense, Rosário and Itapecuru. The occurrence points were georeferenced and stored on the device GPS. Later, in the software (Qgis 2.18) the conversion of the KML extension coordinates to shapefile was performed, creating a database used to produce the spatial distribution map of bacaba. Among the areas surveyed, the highest occurrence identified was in microregion of Rosário with highlight on the municipalities of Axixá and Presidente Juscelino, followed by microregion of Litoral Ocidental Maranhense through of Serrano do Maranhão. It was constated that bacaba populations are considerable reduced in the mapped areas, however there are still individuals preserved at backyards, favoring conservation strategies on farm.Keywords: Bacaba; Extractivism; Maranhão.RESUMENLas bacabeiras (Oenocarpus distichus) son palmeras típicas de la Amazonia que ocurren con mayor frecuencia en el este, dispersándose del Pará al Maranhão, estados de Brasil. La bacabeira por sus características ecobotánicas presentan grandes oportunidades de ser valoradas en servicios ecosistémicos. Es explotada por el extractivismo, sea para el consumo de sus frutos en la forma de bebida o en la extracción del aceite, pudiendo ser cultivadas en sistemas agroforestales para la producción de frutos, palmito y especialmente, el aceite. El presente estudio investigó y mapeó áreas de ocurrencia de poblaciones naturales de O. distichus en Maranhão para identificar áreas com potencial para la conservación. La investigación es descriptiva y fue realizada en diferentes sedes municipales y/o poblados de seis microrregiones del estado de Maranhão: Baixada Maranhense, Gurupi, Chapada das Mangabeiras, Litoral Occidental Maranhense, Rosário y Itapecuru. Los puntos de ocurrencia fueron georreferenciados y almacenados en el dispositivo GPS. Más adelante en el software (Qgis 2.18), las coordenadas de extensión KML se convertieron en formato shapefile, creando uma base de datos utilizada para producir el mapa de distribuición espacial de bacaba. Entre las seis áreas investigadas la mayor ocurrencia identificada fue en la microrregión de Rosario, con destaque para los municipios de Axixá y Presidente Juscelino; seguido del Litoral Occidental Maranhense, en Serrano do Maranhão. Se constató que las poblaciones de bacaba están bastante reducidas en las áreas mapeadas, sin embargo todavía existen individuos preservados en quintales, favoreciendo estrategias de conservación on farm.Palabras clave: Amazonía; Extractivismo; Maranhão

MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CUPUAÇU OCCURRENCE AREAS IN COMMUNITIES OF FAMILIAR FARMERS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ANAJATUBA, MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL

The municipality of Anajatuba, in the Baixada Maranhense, stands out for the tradition in the cultivation of cupuaçu and for the great potential of economic and sustainable exploitation of native tropical fruit trees. Thus, the mapping and characterization of the production areas was carried out. The objective of this work was mapping the areas of cupuaçu crop aiming to identify areas of familiar farmers with potential for participatory evaluation of BRS Carimbó cultivar. It was observed that the cupuaçu crops are located in areas generally covered by “Plintossolos” with flat slope to gently undulating land. The methodology developed will allow the same procedure to be performed in regions with the same environmental characteristics of the studied area

Inability of 7,8 – Dihydroxy-4- Methylcoumarin antioxidant activity, to prolong longevity and to protect against stress in Caenorhabditis Elegans worms

Despite an increase in life expectancy, it is known that this factor is not necessarily accompanied by a better quality of life, which reflects in longevity. Aspects related to metabolic stress to which cells are subjected can modulate this process, which can lead to various pathologies. Coumarins are secondary metabolites found in several plants, such as guaco, and are part of the polyphenol family capable of producing up to 1300 derivatives, with potential effects against metabolic stress, in addition to being used in the cosmetics industry with the objective of improving fragrance of products. Therefore, it seems necessary to seek to elucidate molecular mechanisms that can regulate this aging process, which can be associated with the gradual loss of physiological functions of cells and tissues, increasing the number of cells in senescence that may be related to increased oxidative stress. PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to identify the influence of the use of the coumarin synthetic compound 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (DHMC) on longevity and resistance to different types of stress in vivo. METHODS: free radical scavenging (DPPH) analyzes were performed for the compound, longevity, and stress tests (H2O2, NaCl, Heat) for C. elegans worms. RESULTS: in the first analysis, the compound showed 92% of antioxidant activity already in small concentrations (25ug/ml) through DPPH analysis. In the following tests DHMC did not show antibacterial responses against Escherichia coli, and Caenorhabditis elegans worms did not show stress reduction or significant improvement in longevity with the use of the compound. CONCLUSION: therefore, the DHMC compound expresses a high antioxidant activity and presents several study potentials. However, it has no biological effects in protecting against stress or contributing to longevity in C. elegans worm

Vigor vegetativo de café conilon e seu potencial para indução de calos in vitro

Considering the importance of the culture of Coffea canephora in the Brazilian Amazon and the need for genetic improvement of this species for cultivation in the state of Rondonia, he objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the initial vigor of clonal plants of C. canephora variety Conilon, under field conditions, and its potential for in vitro propagation. Promising clones belonging to the Genetic Improvement Program of Coffea sp were used Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) Rondonia. The plant height, number and length of orthotropic shoots in coffee at 10 months after planting were evaluated. In the laboratory, leaves of plants of each clone were segmented into fragments of 1 cm ² which were inoculated on MS medium containing half the concentration of salts, AIB (10 μM), 2,4-D (20 μM) and 2iP (10 μM), sugar (20 g cm-3) and agar (6 g cm-3). Cultures were maintained in a growth chamber under 16 h photoperiod at 2000 lux and 24 ± 2 º C. The callus induction and the percentage of leaf area covered with callus cells were observed within 90 days. Clone 9 showed greater vegetative growth in the field. Only clone 12 showed no callus induced, all other clones were highly responsive to callus induction, and clone 5 showed a higher percentage of leaf area covered with callus cells. There was no phenotypic correlation between early vigor in the field and calogênico potential in vitro, for clones of coffee used.Considerando a relevância da cultura de Coffea canephora para a Amazônia brasileira e a necessidade de melhoramento genético dessa espécie para cultivo no estado de Rondônia, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a correlação existente entre o vigor vegetativo inicial de plantas clonais de C. canephora var. Conilon, em condições de campo, e seu potencial para propagação in vitro. Foram utilizados clones promissores pertencentes ao Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Coffea sp. da Embrapa Rondônia. Foram avaliadas as características altura da planta, número e comprimento de brotos ortotrópicos, em cafeeiros com 10 meses pós-plantio. Em laboratório, folhas de plantas de cada clone foram segmentadas em fragmentos de 1 cm² os quais foram inoculados em meio MS, contendo metade da concentração dos sais, AIB (10 μM), 2,4-D (20 μM) e 2iP (10 μM), açúcar (20 g cm-3) e ágar (6 g cm-3). As culturas foram mantidas em sala de crescimento, sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas a 2000 lux e 24±2ºC. A indução de calos e a porcentagem de área foliar coberta com células de calo foram observadas nos 90 dias subsequentes. O clone 9 demonstrou maior crescimento vegetativo em campo. Apenas o clone 12 não apresentou calos induzidos, todos os outros clones foram altamente responsivos à indução de calos, e o clone 5 apresentou maior porcentagem de área foliar coberta com células de calo. Não houve correlação fenotípica entre vigor vegetativo inicial em campo e potencial calogênico in vitro, para os clones de cafeeiro utilizados

Chelating effect of carvacrol and the oregano essential oil

Essential oils are natural products obtained from parts of plants by means of steam distillation. They are also made by expression of citrus fruit pericarp [1]. Because they are a complex mixture of chemical components, they exert innumerable biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antitumor, antioxidant, among others. Because of the public demand for products of natural origin in different segments of society, essential oils have gained space, mainly in the food industries, where natural preservatives are sought that can replace or be associated with the synthetic additives used. One of the desirable properties of preservatives is their ability to interact with metal ions, such as iron, by exerting a chelating effect to inhibit lipid oxidation reactions catalyzed by these ions [2]. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chelating effect of oregano essential oil and its major constituent, carvacrol, by cyclic voltammetry. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation over a period of 2 hours using a modified Clevenger apparatus and characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric and flame ionization detectors. For the determination of the chelating effect, an electrochemical cell containing 0.05 mol L-1 of anhydrous Na2SO4 was used as the supporting electrolyte, and FeSO4.5H2O 0.00150 mol L-1 was the source of ferrous ions. Three electrodes were employed: Ag/AgCl (saturated in KCl) electrode was the reference, a platinum wire was the auxiliary, and glassy carbon was the working electrode. The determination of the chelating effect was performed by calculating the variation of the height of the ferrous oxidation peak with the increase in the concentrations of carvacrol and the essential oil. The essential oil from oregano contained terpinen-4-ol, carvacrol, trans-sabinene hydrate and γ-terpinene as the principal constituents. A reduction in the ferrous anodic current of 99.5 and 89% after the addition of 500 μg mL-1 of carvacrol and oregano oil, respectively, was observed, thus indicating the occurrence of a chelating effect of oregano essential oil and its constituent carvacrol

Aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de Coffea canephora

Coffea canephora is the predominant species in the state of Rondônia, due to its adaptation to soil and climatic conditions in the region. The acclimatization comprises a set of techniques and procedures that are designed to adapt plantlets to field conditions, heterotrophic to autotrophic condition. This work aimed to evaluate conditions of acclimatization of plantlets of C. canephora in relation to the initial stages of seedling development, levels of shading and acclimatization period. In the first experiment, we used three stages of micropropagated plants: "torpedoes", "sprouted" and "seedling" and two levels of shading, 30 and 50% in 3 x 2 factorial. The plants were weighed and placed individually in cells containing the trays Plantmax®. After 30 days, there was survival, plant length, leaf number and fresh weight. The second experiment evaluated three periods of acclimatization at 30, 45 and 60 days, after the seedlings were transferred to field conditions in plastic bags. After 90 days of the deployment of the experiment, there was survival, plant length, leaf number and the ratio between initial and final weight of the seedlings. The developmental stage "seedlings" resulted in increased survival and plant development stages in relation to "torpedo" and "sprouted." The shading of 50% resulted in increased survival and plant growth than 30%. The acclimatization period of 30 days did not differ significantly from the periods of 45 and 60 days, the most suited for this application.A aclimatização compreende um conjunto de técnicas e procedimentos que têm por objetivo adaptar mudas micropropagadas às condições de campo, da condição heterotrófica para autotrófica. Por meio deste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar condições de aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de C. canephora, em relação aos estádios de desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas, níveis de sombreamento e período de aclimatização. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se três estádios de plantas micropropagadas: “torpedos”; “germinadas” e “plântulas”; e dois níveis de sombreamento, 30 e 50%, em fatorial 3 x 2. As plantas foram pesadas e acondicionadas individualmente em células de bandejas contendo o substrato Plantmax®. Após 30 dias, determinou-se a sobrevivência, o comprimento das plantas, o número de folhas e o peso fresco. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se três períodos de aclimatização, 30, 45 e 60 dias, após os quais as plântulas foram transferidas para condições de campo, em sacolas de plástico. Após 90 dias da implantação do experimento, observou-se sobrevivência, comprimento das plantas, número de folhas e razão entre peso inicial e final das mudas obtidas. O estádio de desenvolvimento “plântula” resultou em maior sobrevivência e desenvolvimento vegetal em relação aos estádios “torpedo” e “germinada”. O sombreamento de 50% resultou em maior sobrevivência e desenvolvimento vegetal que 30%. O período de aclimatização de 30 dias não diferiu significativamente dos períodos de 45 e 60 dias, sendo o mais indicado neste caso