Estratégia espacial e a ascensão das forças espaciais

This essay discusses the importance of space for military operations and the formation of new military forces in space. It is based on the recent national security and space strategy documents of several countries and is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the historical development of the military use of space systems, the second on theories of space strategy and anti-satellite weapons, and the third examines the emergence of space forces from a comparative perspective. The creation of space forces is nothing new or unique to the United States. However, the United States is the country that has the most developed military strategy and doctrine for space, possibly inspired by the work of space strategists. The other countries, including Russia and China, do not yet have a clear definition of their strategic goals or a space-focused doctrine, at least not publicly.Este ensaio discute a importância do espaço para as operações militares e a formação de novas forças militares no espaço. Baseia-se em documentos recentes de segurança nacional e de estratégia espacial de vários países e está dividido em três secções. A primeira secção centra-se no desenvolvimento histórico da utilização militar dos sistemas espaciais, a segunda nas teorias da estratégia espacial e nas armas antissatélite, e a terceira examina a emergência das forças espaciais numa perspectiva comparativa. A criação de forças espaciais não é algo novo ou exclusivo dos Estados Unidos, porém este é o país que possui uma estratégia e uma doutrina militar para o espaço mais desenvolvida, possivelmente inspirada no trabalho dos estrategistas espaciais. Os demais países, incluindo Rússia e China, ainda não possuem uma definição clara de seus objetivos estratégicos ou uma doutrina focada no espaço como os Estados Unidos, pelo menos não publicamente

Cibersegurança e Ransomware no Governo Brasileiro

The increasing reliance on digital services and the lack of a solid cybersecurity infrastructure and framework have made Brazil one of the biggest targets for cyberattacks in the world. One increasingly common type of attack is known as ransomware, in which perpetrators lock systems and databases and demand money to unlock them. The essay aims to provide an overview of ransomware as a threat to cybersecurity in the public sector, with special attention to the Brazilian context. Therefore, the Brazilian institutional and legal framework for cybersecurity and ransomware control is examined. From a methodological point of view, the study is limited to a literature review composed of academic scholarship and official documents (international and national) on the subject. As a partial result, it was found that the issue of cybersecurity and ransomware has been gradually included in the government's agenda through strategic documents, new organizational structures, legislative reforms, and international cooperation measures.A confiança crescente nos serviços digitais e a falta de uma infraestrutura e de um framework sólido de cibersegurança fizeram do Brasil um dos maiores alvos de ciberataques do mundo. Um tipo de ataque cada vez mais comum é conhecido como ransomware, em que os perpetradores bloqueiam sistemas e bases de dados e exigem dinheiro para o desbloqueio. O ensaio tem como objetivo fornecer uma visão geral do ransomware como uma ameaça à cibersegurança no sector público, com especial atenção para o contexto brasileiro. Sendo assim, é examinado o framework institucional e jurídico brasileiro para a cibersegurança e o controle de ransomware. De um ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo limita-se a uma revisão bibliográfica composta por pesquisas acadêmicas e documentos oficiais (internacionais e nacionais) sobre o tema. Como resultado parcial, verificou-se que as questões de cibersegurança e de ransomware foram gradualmente incluídos na agenda do governo por meio de documentos estratégicos, novas estruturas organizacionais, reformas legislativas, e medidas de cooperação internacional

War Finance (Portugal)

Portugal financed the extraordinary expenditures of the First World War in the same way as many other countries, i.e. running budgetary deficits, issuing debt, and printing money. By the end of the war, all nations were facing the same dilemma - they could either adopt a deflationary monetary policy or embark on a fairly aggressive policy of currency devaluation. Due to political weakness, successive Portuguese governments accepted the latter. This inflationary policy penalized mostly private savings and the share of the population relying on fixed incomes, but it also slowed down the contraction of the economy.publishersversionpublishe

Anomalous diffusion: A basic mechanism for the evolution of inhomogeneous systems

In this article we review classical and recent results in anomalous diffusion and provide mechanisms useful for the study of the fundamentals of certain processes, mainly in condensed matter physics, chemistry and biology. Emphasis will be given to some methods applied in the analysis and characterization of diffusive regimes through the memory function, the mixing condition (or irreversibility), and ergodicity. Those methods can be used in the study of small-scale systems, ranging in size from single-molecule to particle clusters and including among others polymers, proteins, ion channels and biological cells, whose diffusive properties have received much attention lately.Comment: Review article, 20 pages, 7 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:cond-mat/0201446 by other author

Effect of operational parameters and Pd/In catalyst in the reduction of nitrate using copper electrode

Water with high concentration of nitrate may cause damage to health and to the environment. This study investigated how concentration, current density, flow, pH, the use of Pd/In catalyst and operating mode (constant current density and constant cell potential) have an influence in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate and in the formation of gaseous compounds using copper electrode. Experiments were performed in two-compartment electrolytic cells separated by a cationic membrane with nitrate model solutions prepared as a surrogate of concentrated brines from membrane desalination plants. The results show that the electroreduction process has potential for reduction of nitrate and that it is influenced by the operational conditions. The best conditions found for the treatment - with satisfactory reduction of nitrate, formation of compounds and reproducibility - were at nitrate concentrations of 600 and 1000 mg.L-1, current density of 1.1 mA.cm-2 and without pH control, since in these conditions the production of gaseous compounds is higher than the production of nitrite. When Pd/In catalyst was used, the nitrate reduction was 50% after 6 hours of experiment and the predominant product were gaseous compounds. When compared to the experiment without the catalyst, the arrangement with Pd/In was the most efficient one.Fil: Beltrame, Thiago Favarini. Ufrgds Lacor; BrasilFil: Coelho, Vanessa. Ufrgds Lacor; BrasilFil: Marder, Luciano. Ufrgds Lacor; BrasilFil: Ferreira, Jane Zoppas. Ufrgds Lacor; BrasilFil: Marchesini, Fernanda Albana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica ; ArgentinaFil: Bernardes, Andrea Moura. Ufrgds Lacor; Brasi

A new multi-criteria approach for sustainable material selection problem

Sustainable material selection is a crucial problem given the new demands of society and novel production strategies that consider the concepts of sustainability. Multi-criteria decision-making methods have been extensively used to help decision-makers select alternatives in different fields of knowledge. Nonetheless, these methods have been criticized due to the rank reversal problem, where the independence of the irrelevant alternative principle is violated after the initial decision problem is changed. Over the course of this study, we observed that the solutions that are proposed for this problem, in the context of sustainable material selection, are insufficient. Thus, we present a new material selection approach that is based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, which is immune to rank reversal. We also demonstrate the causes of rank reversal in the TOPSIS method, how the R-TOPSIS method was designed to solve them, and how it can be applied to sustainable material selection

Characterization of surface morphology and its correlation with friction performance of brake pads

The present work presents the morphology evolution of a brake material surface submitted to braking tests through a laboratory-scale tribometer. Optical microscope images of the material’s surface were obtained for every 10 braking operations. These images were post-processed in appropriate computational software. By means of the image segmentation technique, morphological parameters related to the brake material surface were estimated. The wear rate and also the coefficient of friction resulting from the tests were measured. For the NAO material used in this study, the friction behaviour revealed to be strongly associated with the amount of contact plateaus. Besides, the mean area of the contact plateaus was the main factor responsible for increasing the real contact area of the friction material. The higher wear rate observed in the first braking operations can be mainly attributed to the higher surface roughness measured in this condition. As the braking operations progress, the plateaus becomes flatter and wear rate is reduced. Finally, the image segmentation technique proved adequate for investigating morphological aspects in friction material surface

A estratégia econômica e a tecnologia da informação aplicadas como diferenciais competitivos

Orientador : José Guilherme VieiraMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. Curso de Especialização em Desenvolvimento EconômicoInclui referênciasResumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o benefício que a aplicação de estratégias econômicas e o advento da Tecnologia da Informação podem proporcionar às empresas. O instrumento é um estudo teórico mediante análise de bibliografias de forma a identificar questões que se enquadrem e ratifiquem a definição e relevância do tema. A primeira fase deu base teórica suficiente para definir e identificar determinados pontos onde julgá-se haver possibilidades de aplicações práticas da teoria. A segunda fase é a apresentação efetiva da aplicação prática destas teorias nos pontos ora identificados. De posse destas informações almeja-se a utilização como consulta a pequenos fatos relevantes no cotidiano empresarial e que apoiados em conceitos possam ser expressados como alternativa a adoção de estratégias ou reconhecimento da força e eficácia da Tecnologia da Informação como diferenciais competitivos de mercado

Administração e economia como às pequenas e médias empresas

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Marco CavalieriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Ecônomico. Defesa :28/10/2014Inclui referênciasResumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o benefício que a aplicação das teorias conômicas e administrativas podem proporcionar aos pequenos A primeira fase deu base teórica suficiente para definir e identificar determinados pontos onde julga-se haver possibilidades de aplicações práticas da teoria. A segunda fase é a apresentação efetiva da aplicação prática destas teorias nos pontos ora identificados. De posse destas informações almeja-se a utilização como consulta a pequenos fatos relevantes no cotidiano empresarial e que apoiados em conceitos possam ser expressados como alternativa a adoção de estratégias ou reconhecimento da força e eficácia da Tecnologia da Informação como diferenciais competitivos de mercado. Palavras-chave: Competitividade, Estratégias; Tecnologia da Informação; Análise; Economia; Identificação de oportunidades.Abstract:This study aimed to evaluate the benefit that the application of economic and management theories can provide small enterprises. The first stage has sufficient to define and identify certain points where it is believed there possibilities of practical application of the theory theoretical basis. The second stage is the actual presentation of the practical application of these theories in points now identified. With this information we aim to use as a small consulting relevant facts in everyday business and supported concepts can be expressed as the adoption of alternative strategies or recognition of the strength and effectiveness of information technology as a competitive market differentiators. Keywords Competitiveness strategies; Information Technology; analysis; economy; Identifying opportunities. Keywords Competitiveness strategies; Information Technology; analysis; economy; Identifying opportunities