II Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco

Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasIIHospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart GomesUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaInstituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáIHospital Israelita Albert EinsteinInstituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de CardiologiaReal e Benemérita Sociedade de Beneficência Portuguesa, São PauloHospital Pró-Cardíaco do Rio de JaneiroSanta Casa do Rio de JaneiroUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network (Rede Amazonia Sustentavel, RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.Keywords: Social–ecological systems, Tropical forests, Land use, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainability, Trade-off

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Avaliação de um programa de educação física escolar sobre os hábitos de vida/alimentar e aptidão física relacionada à saúde

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de intervenção na Educação Física Escolar relacionada à promoção da saúde de escolares adolescentes sobre os hábitos de vida/alimentar e na aptidão física relacionada à: Força/resistência abdominal (ABD); Aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APC); Flexibilidade (FLEX). Estudo caracterizado como uma pesquisa avaliativa, analisando escolares do município de Porto Alegre. Amostra por conveniência composta por 596 escolares, divididos em grupo estudo (Ge) formado por 148 escolares do sexo masculino e 117 do sexo feminino; grupo controle (GC) com 164 escolares no sexo masculino e 167 escolares do sexo feminino participantes das aulas de educação física no segundo semestre de 2015. A avaliação: 1) dos hábitos de vida alimentar foi através do questionário proposto por Torres (1998) e pelo Formulário de Marcadores do Consumo Alimentar indicado pelo Ministério da Saúde (Brasil, 1998); 2) da aptidão física relacionada à saúde pelas normas e protocolos do PROESP/BR (2012). Para análise da intervenção foram utilizados os indicadores de medidas de dimensão do efeito: medida de prevalência (MP), medida de incidência (MI), razão de chance (RC) e processo de valoração (PV). Os resultados quanto ao componente RC mostraram nos hábitos de vida/alimentar para: 1) o sexo masculino do Ge que o programa foi razoavelmente eficaz ou classificado acima para aumento na ocorrência de prática esportiva, ingestão de legumes, frutas, feijão e redução na ingestão de batata frita e hambúrguer; 2) no sexo feminino do Ge o programa foi razoavelmente eficaz ou classificação acima para redução na ocorrência com vídeo game, aumento na pratica esportiva e ingestão de legumes. Com relação à aptidão física relacionada à saúde para o componente RC os resultados mostraram que o programa do Ge foi eficaz, tanto para o sexo masculino quanto feminino. Portanto, os resultados dos indicadores de dimensão do efeito demonstraram que um programa de intervenção é eficiente quando a educação física é organizada com um momento de formação corporal em que a atividade física é desenvolvida de forma regular e frequente, previamente planejada, orientada e proposta para a manutenção ou melhora dos componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention program in School Physical Education related to the promotion of the health of school teenagers about life/eating habits and physical fitness related to: Strength/abdominal resistance (ABD); Cardiorespiratory fitness (APC); Flexibility (FLEX). Study featured as an evaluation research, analyzing schoolchildren of Porto Alegre city. Convenience sample consisting of 596 students, divided into study group (Ge) made up of 148 male students and 117 female; control group (CG) with 164 male students and 167 female students participants in physical education classes in the second half of 2015. The evaluation: 1) of the food habits was made through the questionnaire proposed by Torres (1998) and by the Food Consumption Markers Form indicated by the Ministry of Health (Brazil, 1998); 2) of physical fitness related to health by the norms and protocols of PROESP / BR (2012). For the analysis of the intervention, the measures of effect dimension were used: measure of prevalence (MP), measure of incidence (MI), reason of chance (CR) and valuation process (PV). The results regarding the RC component showed in the living/eating habits for: 1) the male gender of the Ge that the program was reasonably effective or ranked above for increased sportsmanship, vegetable intake, fruits, beans and reduced intake french fries and hamburger; 2) in the female gender of the Ge the program was reasonably effective or above classification for reduction in the occurrence with video game, increase in the sports practice and ingestion of vegetables. Regarding the physical fitness related to health and the CR component, the results showed that the Ge program was effective for both males and females. Therefore, the results of the size indicators of the effect showed that an intervention program is effective when physical education is organized with a time of body training so that physical activity is developed regularly and often, previously planned, guided and proposed to maintain or improve the components of the physical fitness related to health

Desenvolvimento de força em crianças e jovens nas aulas de Educação Física

A força é das capacidades motoras a mais importante para o movimento. Visto que não há movimento em que a mesma não se faça presente. Desta forma, a força se torna importante para as atividades competitivas e recreativas. O que nos leva a sugerir que o desenvolvimento da força faça parte dos planejamentos das aulas de Educação Física. Portanto este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia de um programa de treinamento de força nas aulas de Educação Física em adolescentes do sexo masculino com idades variando entre 10 e 14 anos. E, também, o resultado do treinamento nas suas expressões de força máxima, força explosiva e força-resistência dos escolares. Participaram do estudo 230 alunos do sexo masculino (10 a 14 anos), após assinarem um termo de consentimento. O grupo experimental (GE=131) participou do programa de treinamento durante 12 semanas, duas vezes por semana. Os exercícios realizados eram pliométricos e calistênicos, sem uso de aparelhos. A execução dos exercícios se deu em forma de circuito. O tempo de treinamento era de 15 minutos durante as aulas de Educação Física. O grupo controle (GC=99) não participou das atividades especificas para o desenvolvimento da força, mas mantiveram as atividades normais das aulas de Educação Física. A força máxima, a força explosiva e a força de resistência foram avaliadas através dos testes de abdominal, salto em distância, arremesso de bola medicinal, dinamometria de mão e barra modificada. Para análise descritiva foram utilizadas a média e o desvio padrão. Às comparações intra-grupos, utilizou-se o teste t pareado e para as comparações inter-grupos, o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para verificar o poder de observação utilizou-se o Teste Medidas Repetidas. O nível de significância adotado foi 5%. Para verificar a influência da maturação, utilizou-se a Análise de Medidas Repetidas, com covariância da maturação. O grupo experimental apresentou, em todos os testes analisados, aumentos significativos. Já o grupo controle apresentou, em alguns testes, aumentos na média, porém não de forma significativa. Na comparação dos valores inter-grupos observamos que em todos os testes analisados o grupo experimental apresentou aumentos maiores e significativos do que o grupo controle. Na análise de medidas repetidas co-variando a maturação verificou-se influência estatisticamente significativa em alguns testes e em algumas idades. Os resultados mostraram que, para esta amostra, o programa de treinamento de força foi eficaz para aumento das três expressões de força no grupo experimental. E que 12 semanas não foram suficientes para que o grupo controle mostrasse aumentos significativos nas três expressões de força.Strength is of the coordenative capacities the most important for movement, once there is no movement in which it is not present. This way, strength becomes important for competitive and recreational activities. It takes us to suggest that strength development might be part of physical education plans. It said, this study aims to check how effective a strength training program in physical education classes for male teenagers, aging between 10 and 14 years old is. And also the results of the training in its expression of highest strength, explosive strength and resistant strength of students. 230 male students participated of the study (10 to 14 years old) after signing a consent term. The experimental term (GE=131) participated of the program during 12 weeks, twice a week. The exercises developed were “pliométrico” and “calestiano”, without the usage of appliances. The execution of the exercises was made as circuit. The duration of the training was of 15 minutes during the physical education classes. The control group (GC=99) did not participate of the specific activities strength development, but kept doing normal activites. The maximum strength, the explosive strength and the resistant strength were evaluated through abdominal tests, distance jump, medicinal ball throwing, hand “dinamometria” and modified bars. For descriptive analisis, the average and the pattern deviation were used. The comparisons within groups used the test t in pair and for the comparisons inter-groups the test U of Mann-Whitney. To check the power of observation, the Repetitive Measure Test was used. The level of significance adopted was of 5%. To check the influence of maturation the Repetitive Measure Analisis was used, with co-range of maturation. The experimental group presented in every test meaningful enhance. The control group presented in some tests enhance in the average but not in a meaningful way. In the comparison of the inter-group values, it was observed that in every analised test the experimental group presented greater and more meaningful enhance than the control group. In the analisis of repetitive measures, co-ranging, maturation, statistically meaningful influence was observed in some tests and in some ages. The results showed that for this sample the strength training program was effective for enhancing three expressions of strength in the experimental group. And that 12 weeks were not enough so that the control group could show meaningful enhance in the three expressions of strength

Avaliação de um programa de educação física escolar sobre os hábitos de vida/alimentar e aptidão física relacionada à saúde

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de intervenção na Educação Física Escolar relacionada à promoção da saúde de escolares adolescentes sobre os hábitos de vida/alimentar e na aptidão física relacionada à: Força/resistência abdominal (ABD); Aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APC); Flexibilidade (FLEX). Estudo caracterizado como uma pesquisa avaliativa, analisando escolares do município de Porto Alegre. Amostra por conveniência composta por 596 escolares, divididos em grupo estudo (Ge) formado por 148 escolares do sexo masculino e 117 do sexo feminino; grupo controle (GC) com 164 escolares no sexo masculino e 167 escolares do sexo feminino participantes das aulas de educação física no segundo semestre de 2015. A avaliação: 1) dos hábitos de vida alimentar foi através do questionário proposto por Torres (1998) e pelo Formulário de Marcadores do Consumo Alimentar indicado pelo Ministério da Saúde (Brasil, 1998); 2) da aptidão física relacionada à saúde pelas normas e protocolos do PROESP/BR (2012). Para análise da intervenção foram utilizados os indicadores de medidas de dimensão do efeito: medida de prevalência (MP), medida de incidência (MI), razão de chance (RC) e processo de valoração (PV). Os resultados quanto ao componente RC mostraram nos hábitos de vida/alimentar para: 1) o sexo masculino do Ge que o programa foi razoavelmente eficaz ou classificado acima para aumento na ocorrência de prática esportiva, ingestão de legumes, frutas, feijão e redução na ingestão de batata frita e hambúrguer; 2) no sexo feminino do Ge o programa foi razoavelmente eficaz ou classificação acima para redução na ocorrência com vídeo game, aumento na pratica esportiva e ingestão de legumes. Com relação à aptidão física relacionada à saúde para o componente RC os resultados mostraram que o programa do Ge foi eficaz, tanto para o sexo masculino quanto feminino. Portanto, os resultados dos indicadores de dimensão do efeito demonstraram que um programa de intervenção é eficiente quando a educação física é organizada com um momento de formação corporal em que a atividade física é desenvolvida de forma regular e frequente, previamente planejada, orientada e proposta para a manutenção ou melhora dos componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention program in School Physical Education related to the promotion of the health of school teenagers about life/eating habits and physical fitness related to: Strength/abdominal resistance (ABD); Cardiorespiratory fitness (APC); Flexibility (FLEX). Study featured as an evaluation research, analyzing schoolchildren of Porto Alegre city. Convenience sample consisting of 596 students, divided into study group (Ge) made up of 148 male students and 117 female; control group (CG) with 164 male students and 167 female students participants in physical education classes in the second half of 2015. The evaluation: 1) of the food habits was made through the questionnaire proposed by Torres (1998) and by the Food Consumption Markers Form indicated by the Ministry of Health (Brazil, 1998); 2) of physical fitness related to health by the norms and protocols of PROESP / BR (2012). For the analysis of the intervention, the measures of effect dimension were used: measure of prevalence (MP), measure of incidence (MI), reason of chance (CR) and valuation process (PV). The results regarding the RC component showed in the living/eating habits for: 1) the male gender of the Ge that the program was reasonably effective or ranked above for increased sportsmanship, vegetable intake, fruits, beans and reduced intake french fries and hamburger; 2) in the female gender of the Ge the program was reasonably effective or above classification for reduction in the occurrence with video game, increase in the sports practice and ingestion of vegetables. Regarding the physical fitness related to health and the CR component, the results showed that the Ge program was effective for both males and females. Therefore, the results of the size indicators of the effect showed that an intervention program is effective when physical education is organized with a time of body training so that physical activity is developed regularly and often, previously planned, guided and proposed to maintain or improve the components of the physical fitness related to health