An Alternative To Test Independence Between Expectations And Disconfirmation Versus The Positive Version Of The Assimilation Theory. An Application To The Case Of Cultural/Heritage Tourism

Despite the emergence of new strategies, models of expectancy/disconfirmation are still very popular in tourist research. This is why they are revisited by presenting an alternative for testing independence between expectations and disconfirmation versus what we call the positive version of the assimilation theory. A derivation of the chi-square statistic including an asymmetric continuity correction is provided to carry out such a test.  This article relies on the information given by 1,500 respondents who were given a small questionnaire specially designed to measure tourist satisfaction in the emblematic part of Toledo, Spain (a UNESCO World Heritage City)

Habitar en la ceguera. Casas, atmósferas y paisajes perceptivos a los ojos de algunos maestros del siglo XX

Jorge Luis Borges confessed, on more than one occasion, that his modest blindness was not the dramatic darkness that common sense believes but rather a refuge that, in his case, was built in a slow twilight. At the end of his speech to receive the Honoris Causa degree from the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Chile, the Argentine writer spoke about the gradual parting of his sight and the pleasant sensation of entering a new, richer, deeper, and more creative living space. Relying on blindness as an introspective landscape, as a habitable space where fantasy meets realism, it is in this context that the essay proposes to inhabit, with thought, a weightless and infinite domestic space. Other artists achieved it - Groussac, Monet, Homer, Joyce, Herzog, Pallasmaa, and Italo Calvino - turning this kind of induced blindness into an intimate and creative room in which to settle at the end of their lives. Professor Yeager introduces this story, making us ascend to the heavens in search of an inspiring, black, and profound space. The house dreamed by Manuel Parra and Danilo Veras leads us away from the light to discover ourselves in a unique sensory experience. From the hand of the master Lewerentz, this essay will bring together some architectural experimentations with a singular dark box, an asphalt and black environment: black box in Lund. Living in blindness suggests a revision of our perceptual field, imaginatively inhabiting these introspective places where laws seem to have disappeared. Blindness, as Borges mentioned in that speech, makes the body join the space to dream of a new, more poetic, and creative dwelling (Figure 1).Jorge Luis Borges confesó, en más de una ocasión, que su modesta ceguera no era la dramática oscuridad que el sentido común cree, sino mas bien un refugio que en su caso se fue construyendo en un lento crepúsculo. Al finalizar su discurso de recepción del grado Honoris Causa de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Chile, el escritor argentino narraba la lenta despedida de su vista y la sensación placentera de entrar en un nuevo espacio habitable más rico, profundo y creativo. Confiando en la ceguera como paisaje introspectivo, como espacio habitable donde se da cita a la fantasía con el realismo, es en este contexto que, el ensayo propone habitar con el pensamiento un espacio doméstico ingrávido e infinito. Otros artistas lo consiguieron - Groussac, Monet, Homero, Joyce, Herzog, Pallasmaa e Italo Calvino- convirtiendo esta especie de ceguera inducida en una habitación íntima y creativa, en la cual acomodarse al final de sus vidas. El profesor Yeager introduce este relato haciéndonos ascender a los cielos en busca de un espacio inspirador, negro y profundo. La casa soñada por Manuel Parra y Danilo Veras, nos aleja de la luz para descubrirnos a nosotros mismos en una experiencia sensitiva única. De la mano del maestro Lewerentz se dará cita en este ensayo a algunas experimentaciones arquitectónicas con una singular caja oscura, un medioambiente asfáltico y negro: black box en Lund. Habitar en la ceguera nos sugiere una revisión de nuestro campo perceptivo, habitando con la imaginación estos lugares introspectivos en los que las leyes parecen haber desaparecido. La ceguera, como afirmaba Borges en aquel discurso, hace que el cuerpo se una al espacio para soñar con un nuevo habitar más poético y creativo (Figura 1).Jorge Luis Borges confessou, em mais de uma ocasião, que sua modesta cegueira não era a escuridão dramática que o senso comum acredita que fosse, mas sim um refúgio que, no seu caso, foi construído em um lento crepúsculo. No final de seu discurso para receber o título Honoris Causa da Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade do Chile, o escritor argentino relatou a lenta despedida de sua visão e a agradável sensação de entrar em um novo espaço habitável, mais rico, mais profundo e mais criativo. Confiando na cegueira como uma paisagem introspectiva, como um espaço habitável onde a fantasia se encontra com o realismo, é nesse contexto que o ensaio propõe habitar com o pensamento um espaço doméstico leve e infinito. Outros artistas conseguiram isso - Groussac, Monet, Homer, Joyce, Herzog, Pallasmaa e Italo Calvino - transformando esse tipo de cegueira induzida em um cômodo íntimo e criativo no qual se instalaram no final de suas vidas. O professor Yeager apresenta essa história fazendo-nos subir aos céus em busca de um espaço inspirador, negro e profundo. A casa sonhada por Manuel Parra e Danilo Veras nos afasta da luz para nos descobrirmos em uma experiência sensorial única. Das mãos do mestre Lewerentz, este ensaio reunirá algumas experiências arquitetônicas com uma singular caixa escura, um ambiente asfáltico e negro: black box em Lund. Habitar na cegueira sugere uma revisão de nosso campo perceptivo, habitando com a imaginação esses lugares introspectivos nos quais as leis parecem ter desaparecido. A cegueira, como Borges afirmou naquele discurso, faz com que o corpo se junte ao espaço para sonhar com um novo habitar, mais poético e criativo (Figura 1)

Metabolic risk score indexes validation in overweight healthy people

The constellation of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic risk factors, including elevated abdominal obesity, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and triglycerides (TG) and lowered high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), has been termed the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) [1]. A number of different definitions have been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2], the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) [3], the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) [4] and, most recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) [5]. Since there is no universal definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, several authors have derived different risk scores to represent the clustering of its components [6-11]

Spatially resolved integral field spectroscopy of the ionized gas in IZw18

We present a detailed 2D study of the ionized ISM of IZw18 using new PMAS-IFU optical observations. IZw18 is a high-ionization galaxy which is among the most metal-poor starbursts in the local Universe. This makes IZw18 a local benchmark for understanding the properties most closely resembling those prevailing at distant starbursts. Our IFU-aperture (~ 1.4 kpc x 1.4 kpc) samples the entire IZw18 main body and an extended region of its ionized gas. Maps of relevant emission lines and emission line ratios show that higher-excitation gas is preferentially located close to the NW knot and thereabouts. We detect a Wolf-Rayet feature near the NW knot. We derive spatially resolved and integrated physical-chemical properties for the ionized gas in IZw18. We find no dependence between the metallicity-indicator R23 and the ionization parameter (as traced by [OIII]/[OII]) across IZw18. Over ~ 0.30 kpc^2, using the [OIII]4363 line, we compute Te[OIII] values (~ 15000 - 25000 K), and oxygen abundances are derived from the direct determinations of Te[OIII]. More than 70% of the higher-Te[OIII] (> 22000 K) spaxels are HeII4686-emitting spaxels too. From a statistical analysis, we study the presence of variations in the ISM physical-chemical properties. A galaxy-wide homogeneity, across hundreds of parsecs, is seen in O/H. Based on spaxel-by-spaxel measurements, the error-weighted mean of 12 + log(O/H) = 7.11 +/- 0.01 is taken as the representative O/H for IZw18. Aperture effects on the derivation of O/H are discussed. Using our IFU data we obtain, for the first time, the IZw18 integrated spectrum.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 13 pages, 10 figures, 4 table

Los seguros en España: 1830-1934

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaEl sector de los seguros en la España contemporánea está prácticamente sin estudiar pese a la enorme importancia de esta actividad financiera, que es no sólo reflejo sino también motor del desarrollo económico. Además puede ser un indicador de la evolución de otros sectores, puesto que en el capitalismo todo aquello que tiene un valor se asegura. Este artículo pretende ser una primera aproximación al sector seguros en España entre 1800 y 1934, a la que hemos tratado de dar la máxima generalidad para ofrecer una primera imagen que sirva de marco para futuras investigaciones.The insurance industry in modem Spanish history has not practically yet been studied, notwithstanding the considerable significance of this financial activity which is not only a reflection of economic development but also in itself motive power thereof. It may also be used as an indicator of the evolution of other sectors, since in the capitalist system everything of value is always insured. This paper is intended as a first approach to the insurance industry in Spain from 1800 to 1934 and as such it has been given a maximum of generality so as to present a framework which may be used for further investigation.Publicad

Validation in clinical population of the Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adults (PIEUSAd)

Addiction to technologies has been a widely debated scientific and clinically, being a condition for further study as potential psychiatric disorder. Some Spanish scales measure Internet addiction, but no one has been validated clinically. The aims were to describe a clinical sample of patients in treatment for a technology addiction, and to validate clinically the “Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adults” (PIEUSAd). Little-scale clinical adult sample (N=31; 71 % men, and an age mean of 33.31) was selected, collecting socio-demographic and clinical data, technological usages, and the PIEUSAd and Compulsive Internet Use Scale in a survey. The setting was a public health center in Barcelona (Spain). The patients in treatment for a technological addiction as primary diagnosis were usually young males, which suffer from a genuine e-addiction (above all, internet addiction, gaming and cybersex); only the middle seems to have a dual pathology (usually another addiction). They are usually referred by other clinician and the majority don’t have previous psychiatric care. The PIEUSAd showed large variability in item scored, and high factor and construct validity, and excellent reliability (a=0.98). In conclusion, the heterogeneity in the characteristics of patients is evidenced. Moreover, the PIEUSAd has been clinical validated to do a better screen in technological addictions, where “loss of control” and “evasion” seems to be the prevalent addictive symptoms in these types of patients. Spanish abstract: La adicción a las tecnologías ha sido debatida ampliamente tanto científica como clínicamente, siendo una condición a estudiar como potencial trastorno psiquiátrico. Algunas escalas españolas miden la adicción al internet, pero ninguna ha sido validada clínicamente. Los objetivos son describir la muestra clínica de pacientes en tratamiento por una adicción tecnológica, así como validar clínicamente la “Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adults” (PIEUSAd). Una muestra clínica a pequeña escala (N=31; 71 % hombres, con una edad media de 33,31) fue seleccionada, se recogieron datos socio-demográficos, clínicos y de uso de tecnologías, así como la PIEUSAd y la “Compulsive Internet Use Scale” a través de una encuesta. El contexto fue un centro de salud pública de Barcelona (España). Los pacientes en tratamiento por una adicción tecnológica como primer diagnóstico eran usualmente hombres jóvenes que sufrían de una e-adicción genuina (sobre todo, adicción a internet, videojuegos o cibersexo); solo la mitad parecía sufrir una patología dual (normalmente otra adicción). Eran normalmente derivados por otros profesionales de la salud y la mayor parte no habían sido tratados psiquiá- tricamente con anterioridad. La PIEUSAd mostró gran variabilidad en sus puntuaciones, alta validez factorial y de constructo, y excelente fiabilidad (a=0,98). En conclusión, la heterogeneidad de las características de los pacientes fue evidenciada. Además, la PIEUSAd ha sido validada clínicamente para poder hacer un mejor cribado en las adicciones tecnológicas, donde la “pérdida de control” y la “evasión” parecen ser los síntomas prevalentes en estos tipos de pacientes

Coastal Upwelling Off The Rias Bajas, Galicia, Northwest Spain I: Hydrographic Studies

Coastal upwelling occurs off the Rias Bajas of Spain between April and October. Superimposed on large-scale upwelling is a mesoscale regime of enhanced upwelling induced by topographic influences. We show that the region surrounding Cape Finisterre has intensified topographically induced upwelling. The rias have a relatively unobstructed connection with the open ocean. Upwelling of high nitrate water on the continental shelf by Ekman transport sets up pressure gradients at the mouth of the rias that induce upwelled water to flow into the rias. Deep water in the rias responds directly to cycles of upwelling and downwelling on the continental shelf